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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Client Plaintext Upgrade ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This example code fragment demonstrates how to set up a HTTP/2 client that uses the plaintext HTTP Upgrade mechanism to negotiate HTTP/2 connectivity. For maximum explanatory value it uses the synchronous socket API that comes with the Python standard library. In product code you will want to use an actual HTTP/1.1 client if possible. This code requires Python 3.5 or later. """ import h2.connection import socket def establish_tcp_connection(): """ This function establishes a client-side TCP connection. How it works isn't very important to this example. For the purpose of this example we connect to localhost. """ return socket.create_connection(('localhost', 80)) def send_initial_request(connection, settings): """ For the sake of this upgrade demonstration, we're going to issue a GET request against the root of the site. In principle the best request to issue for an upgrade is actually ``OPTIONS *``, but this is remarkably poorly supported and can break in weird ways. """ # Craft our initial request per RFC 7540 Section 3.2. This requires two # special header fields: the Upgrade headre, and the HTTP2-Settings header. # The value of the HTTP2-Settings header field comes from h2. request = ( b"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n" + b"Host: localhost\r\n" + b"Upgrade: h2c\r\n" + b"HTTP2-Settings: " + settings + b"\r\n" + b"\r\n" ) connection.sendall(request) def get_upgrade_response(connection): """ This function reads from the socket until the HTTP/1.1 end-of-headers sequence (CRLFCRLF) is received. It then checks what the status code of the response is. This is not a substitute for proper HTTP/1.1 parsing, but it's good enough for example purposes. """ data = b'' while b'\r\n\r\n' not in data: data += connection.recv(8192) headers, rest = data.split(b'\r\n\r\n', 1) # An upgrade response begins HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols. Look for the # code. In production code you should also check that the upgrade is to # h2c, but here we know we only offered one upgrade so there's only one # possible upgrade in use. split_headers = headers.split() if split_headers[1] != b'101': raise RuntimeError("Not upgrading!") # We don't care about the HTTP/1.1 data anymore, but we do care about # any other data we read from the socket: this is going to be HTTP/2 data # that must be passed to the H2Connection. return rest def main(): """ The client upgrade flow. """ # Step 1: Establish the TCP connecton. connection = establish_tcp_connection() # Step 2: Create H2 Connection object, put it in upgrade mode, and get the # value of the HTTP2-Settings header we want to use. h2_connection = h2.connection.H2Connection() settings_header_value = h2_connection.initiate_upgrade_connection() # Step 3: Send the initial HTTP/1.1 request with the upgrade fields. send_initial_request(connection, settings_header_value) # Step 4: Read the HTTP/1.1 response, look for 101 response. extra_data = get_upgrade_response(connection) # Step 5: Immediately send the pending HTTP/2 data. connection.sendall(h2_connection.data_to_send()) # Step 6: Feed the body data to the connection. events = connection.receive_data(extra_data) # Now you can enter your main loop, beginning by processing the first set # of events above. These events may include ResponseReceived, which will # contain the response to the request we made in Step 3. main_loop(events)