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package Role::Tiny; use strict; use warnings; our $VERSION = '2.002004'; $VERSION =~ tr/_//d; our %INFO; our %APPLIED_TO; our %COMPOSED; our %COMPOSITE_INFO; our @ON_ROLE_CREATE; # Module state workaround totally stolen from Zefram's Module::Runtime. BEGIN { *_WORK_AROUND_BROKEN_MODULE_STATE = "$]" < 5.009 ? sub(){1} : sub(){0}; *_WORK_AROUND_HINT_LEAKAGE = "$]" < 5.011 && !("$]" >= 5.009004 && "$]" < 5.010001) ? sub(){1} : sub(){0}; *_CONSTANTS_DEFLATE = "$]" >= 5.012 && "$]" < 5.020 ? sub(){1} : sub(){0}; } sub _getglob { no strict 'refs'; \*{$_[0]} } sub _getstash { no strict 'refs'; \%{"$_[0]::"} } sub croak { require Carp; no warnings 'redefine'; *croak = \&Carp::croak; goto &Carp::croak; } sub Role::Tiny::__GUARD__::DESTROY { delete $INC{$_[0]->[0]} if @{$_[0]}; } sub _load_module { my ($module) = @_; (my $file = "$module.pm") =~ s{::}{/}g; return 1 if $INC{$file}; # can't just ->can('can') because a sub-package Foo::Bar::Baz # creates a 'Baz::' key in Foo::Bar's symbol table return 1 if grep !/::\z/, keys %{_getstash($module)}; my $guard = _WORK_AROUND_BROKEN_MODULE_STATE && bless([ $file ], 'Role::Tiny::__GUARD__'); local %^H if _WORK_AROUND_HINT_LEAKAGE; require $file; pop @$guard if _WORK_AROUND_BROKEN_MODULE_STATE; return 1; } sub _require_module { _load_module($_[1]); } sub _all_subs { my ($me, $package) = @_; my $stash = _getstash($package); return { map {; no strict 'refs'; # this is an ugly hack to populate the scalar slot of any globs, to # prevent perl from converting constants back into scalar refs in the # stash when they are used (perl 5.12 - 5.18). scalar slots on their own # aren't detectable through pure perl, so this seems like an acceptable # compromise. ${"${package}::${_}"} = ${"${package}::${_}"} if _CONSTANTS_DEFLATE; $_ => \&{"${package}::${_}"} } grep exists &{"${package}::${_}"}, grep !/::\z/, keys %$stash }; } sub import { my $target = caller; my $me = shift; strict->import; warnings->import; my $non_methods = $me->_non_methods($target); $me->_install_subs($target, @_); $me->make_role($target); $me->_mark_new_non_methods($target, $non_methods) if $non_methods && %$non_methods; return; } sub _mark_new_non_methods { my ($me, $target, $old_non_methods) = @_; my $non_methods = $INFO{$target}{non_methods}; my $subs = $me->_all_subs($target); for my $sub (keys %$subs) { if ( exists $old_non_methods->{$sub} && $non_methods->{$sub} != $subs->{$sub} ) { $non_methods->{$sub} = $subs->{$sub}; } } return; } sub make_role { my ($me, $target) = @_; return if $me->is_role($target); $INFO{$target}{is_role} = 1; my $non_methods = $me->_all_subs($target); delete @{$non_methods}{grep /\A\(/, keys %$non_methods}; $INFO{$target}{non_methods} = $non_methods; # a role does itself $APPLIED_TO{$target} = { $target => undef }; foreach my $hook (@ON_ROLE_CREATE) { $hook->($target); } } sub _install_subs { my ($me, $target) = @_; return if $me->is_role($target); my %install = $me->_gen_subs($target); *{_getglob("${target}::${_}")} = $install{$_} for sort keys %install; return; } sub _gen_subs { my ($me, $target) = @_; ( (map {; my $type = $_; $type => sub { my $code = pop; my @names = ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY' ? @{ $_[0] } : @_; push @{$INFO{$target}{modifiers}||=[]}, [ $type, @names, $code ]; return; }; } qw(before after around)), requires => sub { push @{$INFO{$target}{requires}||=[]}, @_; return; }, with => sub { $me->apply_roles_to_package($target, @_); return; }, ); } sub role_application_steps { qw( _install_methods _check_requires _install_modifiers _copy_applied_list ); } sub _copy_applied_list { my ($me, $to, $role) = @_; # copy our role list into the target's @{$APPLIED_TO{$to}||={}}{keys %{$APPLIED_TO{$role}}} = (); } sub apply_roles_to_object { my ($me, $object, @roles) = @_; my $class = ref($object); # on perl < 5.8.9, magic isn't copied to all ref copies. bless the parameter # directly, so at least the variable passed to us will get any magic applied bless($_[1], $me->create_class_with_roles($class, @roles)); } my $role_suffix = 'A000'; sub _composite_name { my ($me, $superclass, @roles) = @_; my $new_name = $superclass . '__WITH__' . join '__AND__', @roles; if (length($new_name) > 252) { $new_name = $COMPOSED{abbrev}{$new_name} ||= do { my $abbrev = substr $new_name, 0, 250 - length $role_suffix; $abbrev =~ s/(?<!:):$//; $abbrev.'__'.$role_suffix++; }; } return $new_name; } sub create_class_with_roles { my ($me, $superclass, @roles) = @_; $me->_require_module($superclass); $me->_check_roles(@roles); my $new_name = $me->_composite_name($superclass, @roles); return $new_name if $COMPOSED{class}{$new_name}; return $me->_build_class_with_roles($new_name, $superclass, @roles); } sub _build_class_with_roles { my ($me, $new_name, $superclass, @roles) = @_; $COMPOSED{base}{$new_name} = $superclass; @{*{_getglob("${new_name}::ISA")}} = ( $superclass ); $me->apply_roles_to_package($new_name, @roles); $COMPOSED{class}{$new_name} = 1; return $new_name; } sub _check_roles { my ($me, @roles) = @_; croak "No roles supplied!" unless @roles; my %seen; if (my @dupes = grep 1 == $seen{$_}++, @roles) { croak "Duplicated roles: ".join(', ', @dupes); } foreach my $role (@roles) { $me->_require_module($role); croak "${role} is not a ${me}" unless $me->is_role($role); } } our %BACKCOMPAT_HACK; $BACKCOMPAT_HACK{+__PACKAGE__} = 0; sub _want_backcompat_hack { my $me = shift; return $BACKCOMPAT_HACK{$me} if exists $BACKCOMPAT_HACK{$me}; no warnings 'uninitialized'; $BACKCOMPAT_HACK{$me} = $me->can('apply_single_role_to_package') != \&apply_single_role_to_package && $me->can('role_application_steps') == \&role_application_steps } our $IN_APPLY_ROLES; sub apply_single_role_to_package { return if $IN_APPLY_ROLES; local $IN_APPLY_ROLES = 1; my ($me, $to, $role) = @_; $me->apply_roles_to_package($to, $role); } sub apply_role_to_package { my ($me, $to, $role) = @_; $me->apply_roles_to_package($to, $role); } sub apply_roles_to_package { my ($me, $to, @roles) = @_; croak "Can't apply roles to object with apply_roles_to_package" if ref $to; $me->_check_roles(@roles); my @have_conflicts; my %role_methods; if (@roles > 1) { my %conflicts = %{$me->_composite_info_for(@roles)->{conflicts}}; @have_conflicts = grep $to->can($_), keys %conflicts; delete @conflicts{@have_conflicts}; if (keys %conflicts) { my $class = $COMPOSED{base}{$to} || $to; my $fail = join "\n", map { "Due to a method name conflict between roles " .join(' and ', map "'$_'", sort values %{$conflicts{$_}}) .", the method '$_' must be implemented by '$class'" } sort keys %conflicts; croak $fail; } %role_methods = map +($_ => $me->_concrete_methods_of($_)), @roles; } if (!$IN_APPLY_ROLES and _want_backcompat_hack($me)) { local $IN_APPLY_ROLES = 1; foreach my $role (@roles) { $me->apply_single_role_to_package($to, $role); } } my $role_methods; foreach my $step ($me->role_application_steps) { foreach my $role (@roles) { # conflicting methods are supposed to be treated as required by the # composed role. we don't have an actual composed role, but because # we know the target class already provides them, we can instead # pretend that the roles don't do for the duration of application. $role_methods = $role_methods{$role} and ( (local @{$role_methods}{@have_conflicts}), (delete @{$role_methods}{@have_conflicts}), ); $me->$step($to, $role); } } $APPLIED_TO{$to}{join('|',@roles)} = 1; } sub _composite_info_for { my ($me, @roles) = @_; $COMPOSITE_INFO{join('|', sort @roles)} ||= do { my %methods; foreach my $role (@roles) { my $this_methods = $me->_concrete_methods_of($role); $methods{$_}{$this_methods->{$_}} = $role for keys %$this_methods; } delete $methods{$_} for grep keys(%{$methods{$_}}) == 1, keys %methods; +{ conflicts => \%methods } }; } sub _check_requires { my ($me, $to, $name, $requires) = @_; $requires ||= $INFO{$name}{requires} || []; if (my @requires_fail = grep !$to->can($_), @$requires) { # role -> role, add to requires, role -> class, error out if (my $to_info = $INFO{$to}) { push @{$to_info->{requires}||=[]}, @requires_fail; } else { croak "Can't apply ${name} to ${to} - missing ".join(', ', @requires_fail); } } } sub _non_methods { my ($me, $role) = @_; my $info = $INFO{$role} or return {}; my %non_methods = %{ $info->{non_methods} || {} }; # this is only for backwards compatibility with older Moo, which # reimplements method tracking rather than calling our method my %not_methods = reverse %{ $info->{not_methods} || {} }; return \%non_methods unless keys %not_methods; my $subs = $me->_all_subs($role); for my $sub (grep !/\A\(/, keys %$subs) { my $code = $subs->{$sub}; if (exists $not_methods{$code}) { $non_methods{$sub} = $code; } } return \%non_methods; } sub _concrete_methods_of { my ($me, $role) = @_; my $info = $INFO{$role}; return $info->{methods} if $info && $info->{methods}; my $non_methods = $me->_non_methods($role); my $subs = $me->_all_subs($role); for my $sub (keys %$subs) { if ( exists $non_methods->{$sub} && $non_methods->{$sub} == $subs->{$sub} ) { delete $subs->{$sub}; } } if ($info) { $info->{methods} = $subs; } return $subs; } sub methods_provided_by { my ($me, $role) = @_; $me->_require_module($role); croak "${role} is not a ${me}" unless $me->is_role($role); sort (keys %{$me->_concrete_methods_of($role)}, @{$INFO{$role}->{requires}||[]}); } sub _install_methods { my ($me, $to, $role) = @_; my $methods = $me->_concrete_methods_of($role); my %existing_methods; @existing_methods{keys %{ $me->_all_subs($to) }} = (); # _concrete_methods_of caches its result on roles. that cache needs to be # invalidated after applying roles delete $INFO{$to}{methods} if $INFO{$to}; foreach my $i (keys %$methods) { next if exists $existing_methods{$i}; my $glob = _getglob "${to}::${i}"; *$glob = $methods->{$i}; # overloads using method names have the method stored in the scalar slot # and &overload::nil in the code slot. next unless $i =~ /^\(/ && ((defined &overload::nil && $methods->{$i} == \&overload::nil) || (defined &overload::_nil && $methods->{$i} == \&overload::_nil)); my $overload = ${ _getglob "${role}::${i}" }; next unless defined $overload; *$glob = \$overload; } $me->_install_does($to); } sub _install_modifiers { my ($me, $to, $name) = @_; return unless my $modifiers = $INFO{$name}{modifiers}; my $info = $INFO{$to}; my $existing = ($info ? $info->{modifiers} : $COMPOSED{modifiers}{$to}) ||= []; my @modifiers = grep { my $modifier = $_; !grep $_ == $modifier, @$existing; } @{$modifiers||[]}; push @$existing, @modifiers; if (!$info) { foreach my $modifier (@modifiers) { $me->_install_single_modifier($to, @$modifier); } } } my $vcheck_error; sub _install_single_modifier { my ($me, @args) = @_; defined($vcheck_error) or $vcheck_error = do { local $@; eval { require Class::Method::Modifiers; Class::Method::Modifiers->VERSION(1.05); 1; } ? 0 : $@; }; $vcheck_error and die $vcheck_error; Class::Method::Modifiers::install_modifier(@args); } my $FALLBACK = sub { 0 }; sub _install_does { my ($me, $to) = @_; # only add does() method to classes return if $me->is_role($to); my $does = $me->can('does_role'); # add does() only if they don't have one *{_getglob "${to}::does"} = $does unless $to->can('does'); return if $to->can('DOES') and $to->can('DOES') != (UNIVERSAL->can('DOES') || 0); my $existing = $to->can('DOES') || $to->can('isa') || $FALLBACK; my $new_sub = sub { my ($proto, $role) = @_; $proto->$does($role) or $proto->$existing($role); }; no warnings 'redefine'; return *{_getglob "${to}::DOES"} = $new_sub; } # optimize for newer perls require mro if "$]" >= 5.009_005; if (defined &mro::get_linear_isa) { *_linear_isa = \&mro::get_linear_isa; } else { my $e; { local $@; # this routine is simplified and not fully compatible with mro::get_linear_isa # but for our use the order doesn't matter, so we don't need to care eval <<'END_CODE' or $e = $@; sub _linear_isa($;$) { if (defined &mro::get_linear_isa) { no warnings 'redefine', 'prototype'; *_linear_isa = \&mro::get_linear_isa; goto &mro::get_linear_isa; } my @check = shift; my @lin; my %found; while (defined(my $check = shift @check)) { push @lin, $check; no strict 'refs'; unshift @check, grep !$found{$_}++, @{"$check\::ISA"}; } return \@lin; } 1; END_CODE } die $e if defined $e; } sub does_role { my ($proto, $role) = @_; foreach my $class (@{_linear_isa(ref($proto)||$proto)}) { return 1 if exists $APPLIED_TO{$class}{$role}; } return 0; } sub is_role { my ($me, $role) = @_; return !!($INFO{$role} && ( $INFO{$role}{is_role} # these are for backward compatibility with older Moo that overrode some # methods without calling the originals, thus not getting is_role set || $INFO{$role}{requires} || $INFO{$role}{not_methods} || $INFO{$role}{non_methods} )); } 1; __END__ =encoding utf-8 =head1 NAME Role::Tiny - Roles: a nouvelle cuisine portion size slice of Moose =head1 SYNOPSIS package Some::Role; use Role::Tiny; sub foo { ... } sub bar { ... } around baz => sub { ... }; 1; elsewhere package Some::Class; use Role::Tiny::With; # bar gets imported, but not foo with 'Some::Role'; sub foo { ... } # baz is wrapped in the around modifier by Class::Method::Modifiers sub baz { ... } 1; If you wanted attributes as well, look at L<Moo::Role>. =head1 DESCRIPTION C<Role::Tiny> is a minimalist role composition tool. =head1 ROLE COMPOSITION Role composition can be thought of as much more clever and meaningful multiple inheritance. The basics of this implementation of roles is: =over 2 =item * If a method is already defined on a class, that method will not be composed in from the role. A method inherited by a class gets overridden by the role's method of the same name, though. =item * If a method that the role L</requires> to be implemented is not implemented, role application will fail loudly. =back Unlike L<Class::C3>, where the B<last> class inherited from "wins," role composition is the other way around, where the class wins. If multiple roles are applied in a single call (single with statement), then if any of their provided methods clash, an exception is raised unless the class provides a method since this conflict indicates a potential problem. =head2 ROLE METHODS All subs created after importing Role::Tiny will be considered methods to be composed. For example: package MyRole; use List::Util qw(min); sub mysub { } use Role::Tiny; use List::Util qw(max); sub mymethod { } In this role, C<max> and C<mymethod> will be included when composing MyRole, and C<min> and C<mysub> will not. For additional control, L<namespace::clean> can be used to exclude undesired subs from roles. =head1 IMPORTED SUBROUTINES =head2 requires requires qw(foo bar); Declares a list of methods that must be defined to compose role. =head2 with with 'Some::Role1'; with 'Some::Role1', 'Some::Role2'; Composes another role into the current role (or class via L<Role::Tiny::With>). If you have conflicts and want to resolve them in favour of Some::Role1 you can instead write: with 'Some::Role1'; with 'Some::Role2'; If you have conflicts and want to resolve different conflicts in favour of different roles, please refactor your codebase. =head2 before before foo => sub { ... }; See L<< Class::Method::Modifiers/before method(s) => sub { ... }; >> for full documentation. Note that since you are not required to use method modifiers, L<Class::Method::Modifiers> is lazily loaded and we do not declare it as a dependency. If your L<Role::Tiny> role uses modifiers you must depend on both L<Class::Method::Modifiers> and L<Role::Tiny>. =head2 around around foo => sub { ... }; See L<< Class::Method::Modifiers/around method(s) => sub { ... }; >> for full documentation. Note that since you are not required to use method modifiers, L<Class::Method::Modifiers> is lazily loaded and we do not declare it as a dependency. If your L<Role::Tiny> role uses modifiers you must depend on both L<Class::Method::Modifiers> and L<Role::Tiny>. =head2 after after foo => sub { ... }; See L<< Class::Method::Modifiers/after method(s) => sub { ... }; >> for full documentation. Note that since you are not required to use method modifiers, L<Class::Method::Modifiers> is lazily loaded and we do not declare it as a dependency. If your L<Role::Tiny> role uses modifiers you must depend on both L<Class::Method::Modifiers> and L<Role::Tiny>. =head2 Strict and Warnings In addition to importing subroutines, using C<Role::Tiny> applies L<strict> and L<warnings> to the caller. =head1 SUBROUTINES =head2 does_role if (Role::Tiny::does_role($foo, 'Some::Role')) { ... } Returns true if class has been composed with role. This subroutine is also installed as ->does on any class a Role::Tiny is composed into unless that class already has an ->does method, so if ($foo->does('Some::Role')) { ... } will work for classes but to test a role, one must use ::does_role directly. Additionally, Role::Tiny will override the standard Perl C<DOES> method for your class. However, if C<any> class in your class' inheritance hierarchy provides C<DOES>, then Role::Tiny will not override it. =head1 METHODS =head2 make_role Role::Tiny->make_role('Some::Role'); Makes a package into a role, but does not export any subs into it. =head2 apply_roles_to_package Role::Tiny->apply_roles_to_package( 'Some::Package', 'Some::Role', 'Some::Other::Role' ); Composes role with package. See also L<Role::Tiny::With>. =head2 apply_roles_to_object Role::Tiny->apply_roles_to_object($foo, qw(Some::Role1 Some::Role2)); Composes roles in order into object directly. Object is reblessed into the resulting class. Note that the object's methods get overridden by the role's ones with the same names. =head2 create_class_with_roles Role::Tiny->create_class_with_roles('Some::Base', qw(Some::Role1 Some::Role2)); Creates a new class based on base, with the roles composed into it in order. New class is returned. =head2 is_role Role::Tiny->is_role('Some::Role1') Returns true if the given package is a role. =head1 CAVEATS =over 4 =item * On perl 5.8.8 and earlier, applying a role to an object won't apply any overloads from the role to other copies of the object. =item * On perl 5.16 and earlier, applying a role to a class won't apply any overloads from the role to any existing instances of the class. =back =head1 SEE ALSO L<Role::Tiny> is the attribute-less subset of L<Moo::Role>; L<Moo::Role> is a meta-protocol-less subset of the king of role systems, L<Moose::Role>. Ovid's L<Role::Basic> provides roles with a similar scope, but without method modifiers, and having some extra usage restrictions. =head1 AUTHOR mst - Matt S. Trout (cpan:MSTROUT) <mst@shadowcat.co.uk> =head1 CONTRIBUTORS dg - David Leadbeater (cpan:DGL) <dgl@dgl.cx> frew - Arthur Axel "fREW" Schmidt (cpan:FREW) <frioux@gmail.com> hobbs - Andrew Rodland (cpan:ARODLAND) <arodland@cpan.org> jnap - John Napiorkowski (cpan:JJNAPIORK) <jjn1056@yahoo.com> ribasushi - Peter Rabbitson (cpan:RIBASUSHI) <ribasushi@cpan.org> chip - Chip Salzenberg (cpan:CHIPS) <chip@pobox.com> ajgb - Alex J. G. Burzyński (cpan:AJGB) <ajgb@cpan.org> doy - Jesse Luehrs (cpan:DOY) <doy at tozt dot net> perigrin - Chris Prather (cpan:PERIGRIN) <chris@prather.org> Mithaldu - Christian Walde (cpan:MITHALDU) <walde.christian@googlemail.com> ilmari - Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker (cpan:ILMARI) <ilmari@ilmari.org> tobyink - Toby Inkster (cpan:TOBYINK) <tobyink@cpan.org> haarg - Graham Knop (cpan:HAARG) <haarg@haarg.org> =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 2010-2012 the Role::Tiny L</AUTHOR> and L</CONTRIBUTORS> as listed above. =head1 LICENSE This library is free software and may be distributed under the same terms as perl itself. =cut