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<div class="document" id="graphic-user-interface-faq">
<h1 class="title">Graphic User Interface FAQ</h1>
<table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="docinfo-name" />
<col class="docinfo-content" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th>
<td>2003-09-04</td></tr>
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Version:</th>
<td>6607</td></tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Web site:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/">http://www.python.org/</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="auto-toc simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-gui-questions" id="id1">1 General GUI Questions</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" id="id2">1.1 What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter" id="id3">1.1.1 Tkinter</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wxwindows" id="id4">1.1.2 wxWindows</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#qt" id="id5">1.1.3 Qt</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gtk" id="id6">1.1.4 GTk+</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fltk" id="id7">1.1.5 FLTK</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fox" id="id8">1.1.6 FOX</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opengl" id="id9">1.1.7 OpenGL</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" id="id10">1.2 What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-questions" id="id11">2 Tkinter questions</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications" id="id12">2.1 How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o" id="id13">2.2 Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why" id="id14">2.3 I can't get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="general-gui-questions">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">1 General GUI Questions</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">1.1 What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></h2>
<p>Depending on what platform(s) you are aiming at, there are several.</p>
<div class="section" id="tkinter">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">1.1.1 Tkinter</a></h3>
<p>Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the
Tcl/Tk widget set, called Tkinter. This is probably the easiest to
install and use. For more info about Tk, including pointers to the
source, see the Tcl/Tk home page at <a class="reference external" href="http://www.tcl.tk">http://www.tcl.tk</a>. Tcl/Tk is
fully portable to the MacOS, Windows, and Unix platforms.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="wxwindows">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">1.1.2 wxWindows</a></h3>
<p>wxWindows is a portable GUI class library written in C++ that's a
portable interface to various platform-specific libraries; wxPython is
a Python interface to wxWindows. wxWindows supports Windows and MacOS;
on Unix variants, it supports both GTk+ and Motif toolkits.
wxWindows preserves the look and feel of the underlying graphics
toolkit, and there is quite a rich widget set and collection of GDI
classes. See <a class="reference external" href="http://www.wxwindows.org">the wxWindows page</a> for more
details.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://alldunn.com/wxPython">wxPython</a> is an extension module that
wraps many of the wxWindows C++ classes, and is quickly gaining
popularity amongst Python developers. You can get wxPython as part of
the source or CVS distribution of wxWindows, or directly from its home
page.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="qt">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">1.1.3 Qt</a></h3>
<p>There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/pyqt/">PyQt</a>) and for KDE (PyKDE).
If you're writing open source software, you don't need to pay for
PyQt, but if you want to write proprietary applications, you must buy
a PyQt license from <a class="reference external" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk">Riverbank Computing</a> and a Qt license from
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.trolltech.com">Trolltech</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="gtk">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">1.1.4 GTk+</a></h3>
<p>PyGTk bindings for the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.gtk.org">GTk+ toolkit</a> have been
implemented by by James Henstridge; see
<a class="reference external" href="ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/python/">ftp://ftp.gtk.org/pub/gtk/python/</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fltk">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">1.1.5 FLTK</a></h3>
<p>Python bindings for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fltk.org">the FLTK toolkit</a>, a simple yet powerful
and mature cross-platform windowing system, are available from <a class="reference external" href="http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net">the
PyFLTK project</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fox">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">1.1.6 FOX</a></h3>
<p>A wrapper for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fox-toolkit.org/">the FOX toolkit</a>
called <a class="reference external" href="http://fxpy.sourceforge.net/">FXpy</a> is available.
FOX supports both Unix variants and Windows.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="opengl">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">1.1.7 OpenGL</a></h3>
<p>For OpenGL bindings, see <a class="reference external" href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net">PyOpenGL</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">1.2 What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/download/download_mac.html">The Mac port</a> by
Jack Jansen has a rich and ever-growing set of modules that support
the native Mac toolbox calls. The port includes support for MacOS9
and MacOS X's Carbon libraries. By installing the <a class="reference external" href="http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net">PyObjc Objective-C
bridge</a>, Python programs can use
MacOS X's Cocoa libraries. See the documentation that comes with the
Mac port.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/windows">Pythonwin</a> by Mark Hammond
includes an interface to the Microsoft Foundation
Classes and a Python programming environment using it that's written
mostly in Python.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tkinter-questions">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">2 Tkinter questions</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">2.1 How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a></h2>
<p>Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications. When freezing
Tkinter applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone,
as the application will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries.</p>
<p>One solution is to ship the application with the tcl and tk libraries,
and point to them at run-time using the TCL_LIBRARY and TK_LIBRARY
environment variables.</p>
<p>To get truly stand-alone applications, the Tcl scripts that form
the library have to be integrated into the application as well. One
tool supporting that is SAM (stand-alone modules), which is part
of the Tix distribution (<a class="reference external" href="http://tix.mne.com">http://tix.mne.com</a>). Build Tix with SAM
enabled, perform the appropriate call to Tclsam_init etc inside
Python's Modules/tkappinit.c, and link with libtclsam
and libtksam (you might include the Tix libraries as well).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">2.2 Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a></h2>
<p>Yes, and you don't even need threads! But you'll have to
restructure your I/O code a bit. Tk has the equivalent of Xt's
XtAddInput() call, which allows you to register a callback function
which will be called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a
file descriptor. Here's what you need:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
from Tkinter import tkinter
tkinter.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback)
</pre>
<p>The file may be a Python file or socket object (actually, anything
with a fileno() method), or an integer file descriptor. The mask is
one of the constants tkinter.READABLE or tkinter.WRITABLE. The
callback is called as follows:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
callback(file, mask)
</pre>
<p>You must unregister the callback when you're done, using</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
tkinter.deletefilehandler(file)
</pre>
<p>Note: since you don't know <em>how many bytes</em> are available for reading,
you can't use the Python file object's read or readline methods, since
these will insist on reading a predefined number of bytes. For
sockets, the recv() or recvfrom() methods will work fine; for other
files, use os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">2.3 I can't get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a></h2>
<p>An often-heard complaint is that event handlers bound to events
with the bind() method don't get handled even when the appropriate
key is pressed.</p>
<p>The most common cause is that the widget to which the binding applies
doesn't have "keyboard focus". Check out the Tk documentation
for the focus command. Usually a widget is given the keyboard
focus by clicking in it (but not for labels; see the takefocus
option).</p>
</div>
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