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# orm/mapper.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2020 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""Logic to map Python classes to and from selectables.
Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper` class, the central
configurational unit which associates a class with a database table.
This is a semi-private module; the main configurational API of the ORM is
available in :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.`.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from collections import deque
from itertools import chain
import sys
import types
import weakref
from . import attributes
from . import exc as orm_exc
from . import instrumentation
from . import loading
from . import properties
from . import util as orm_util
from .base import _class_to_mapper
from .base import _INSTRUMENTOR
from .base import _state_mapper
from .base import class_mapper
from .base import state_str
from .interfaces import _MappedAttribute
from .interfaces import EXT_SKIP
from .interfaces import InspectionAttr
from .interfaces import MapperProperty
from .path_registry import PathRegistry
from .. import event
from .. import exc as sa_exc
from .. import inspection
from .. import log
from .. import schema
from .. import sql
from .. import util
from ..sql import expression
from ..sql import operators
from ..sql import util as sql_util
from ..sql import visitors
_mapper_registry = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
_already_compiling = False
_memoized_configured_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()
# a constant returned by _get_attr_by_column to indicate
# this mapper is not handling an attribute for a particular
# column
NO_ATTRIBUTE = util.symbol("NO_ATTRIBUTE")
# lock used to synchronize the "mapper configure" step
_CONFIGURE_MUTEX = util.threading.RLock()
@inspection._self_inspects
@log.class_logger
class Mapper(InspectionAttr):
"""Define the correlation of class attributes to database table
columns.
The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object is instantiated using the
:func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` function. For information
about instantiating new :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects, see
that function's documentation.
When :func:`.mapper` is used
explicitly to link a user defined class with table
metadata, this is referred to as *classical mapping*.
Modern SQLAlchemy usage tends to favor the
:mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension for class
configuration, which
makes usage of :func:`.mapper` behind the scenes.
Given a particular class known to be mapped by the ORM,
the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which maintains it can be acquired
using the :func:`_sa.inspect` function::
from sqlalchemy import inspect
mapper = inspect(MyClass)
A class which was mapped by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative`
extension will also have its mapper available via the ``__mapper__``
attribute.
"""
_new_mappers = False
_dispose_called = False
@util.deprecated_params(
extension=(
"0.7",
":class:`.MapperExtension` is deprecated in favor of the "
":class:`.MapperEvents` listener interface. The "
":paramref:`.mapper.extension` parameter will be "
"removed in a future release.",
),
order_by=(
"1.1",
"The :paramref:`.mapper.order_by` parameter "
"is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. "
"Use :meth:`_query.Query.order_by` "
"to determine the ordering of a "
"result set.",
),
non_primary=(
"1.3",
"The :paramref:`.mapper.non_primary` parameter is deprecated, "
"and will be removed in a future release. The functionality "
"of non primary mappers is now better suited using the "
":class:`.AliasedClass` construct, which can also be used "
"as the target of a :func:`_orm.relationship` in 1.3.",
),
)
def __init__(
self,
class_,
local_table=None,
properties=None,
primary_key=None,
non_primary=False,
inherits=None,
inherit_condition=None,
inherit_foreign_keys=None,
extension=None,
order_by=False,
always_refresh=False,
version_id_col=None,
version_id_generator=None,
polymorphic_on=None,
_polymorphic_map=None,
polymorphic_identity=None,
concrete=False,
with_polymorphic=None,
polymorphic_load=None,
allow_partial_pks=True,
batch=True,
column_prefix=None,
include_properties=None,
exclude_properties=None,
passive_updates=True,
passive_deletes=False,
confirm_deleted_rows=True,
eager_defaults=False,
legacy_is_orphan=False,
_compiled_cache_size=100,
):
r"""Return a new :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
This function is typically used behind the scenes
via the Declarative extension. When using Declarative,
many of the usual :func:`.mapper` arguments are handled
by the Declarative extension itself, including ``class_``,
``local_table``, ``properties``, and ``inherits``.
Other options are passed to :func:`.mapper` using
the ``__mapper_args__`` class variable::
class MyClass(Base):
__tablename__ = 'my_table'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
type = Column(String(50))
alt = Column("some_alt", Integer)
__mapper_args__ = {
'polymorphic_on' : type
}
Explicit use of :func:`.mapper`
is often referred to as *classical mapping*. The above
declarative example is equivalent in classical form to::
my_table = Table("my_table", metadata,
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('type', String(50)),
Column("some_alt", Integer)
)
class MyClass(object):
pass
mapper(MyClass, my_table,
polymorphic_on=my_table.c.type,
properties={
'alt':my_table.c.some_alt
})
.. seealso::
:ref:`classical_mapping` - discussion of direct usage of
:func:`.mapper`
:param class\_: The class to be mapped. When using Declarative,
this argument is automatically passed as the declared class
itself.
:param local_table: The :class:`_schema.Table` or other selectable
to which the class is mapped. May be ``None`` if
this mapper inherits from another mapper using single-table
inheritance. When using Declarative, this argument is
automatically passed by the extension, based on what
is configured via the ``__table__`` argument or via the
:class:`_schema.Table`
produced as a result of the ``__tablename__``
and :class:`_schema.Column` arguments present.
:param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
:meth:`_query.Query.populate_existing`.
:param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True. Indicates that a
composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
as if :meth:`.Session.merge` will check the database first for a
particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.
:param batch: Defaults to ``True``, indicating that save operations
of multiple entities can be batched together for efficiency.
Setting to False indicates
that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
instance. This is used in the extremely rare case that a
:class:`.MapperEvents` listener requires being called
in between individual row persistence operations.
:param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended
to the mapped attribute name when :class:`_schema.Column`
objects are automatically assigned as attributes to the
mapped class. Does not affect explicitly specified
column-based properties.
See the section :ref:`column_prefix` for an example.
:param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
table inheritance with its parent mapper.
See the section :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example.
:param confirm_deleted_rows: defaults to True; when a DELETE occurs
of one more rows based on specific primary keys, a warning is
emitted when the number of rows matched does not equal the number
of rows expected. This parameter may be set to False to handle the
case where database ON DELETE CASCADE rules may be deleting some of
those rows automatically. The warning may be changed to an
exception in a future release.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.4 - added
:paramref:`.mapper.confirm_deleted_rows` as well as conditional
matched row checking on delete.
:param eager_defaults: if True, the ORM will immediately fetch the
value of server-generated default values after an INSERT or UPDATE,
rather than leaving them as expired to be fetched on next access.
This can be used for event schemes where the server-generated values
are needed immediately before the flush completes. By default,
this scheme will emit an individual ``SELECT`` statement per row
inserted or updated, which note can add significant performance
overhead. However, if the
target database supports :term:`RETURNING`, the default values will
be returned inline with the INSERT or UPDATE statement, which can
greatly enhance performance for an application that needs frequent
access to just-generated server defaults.
.. seealso::
:ref:`orm_server_defaults`
.. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 The ``eager_defaults`` option can now
make use of :term:`RETURNING` for backends which support it.
:param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to
be excluded from mapping.
See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
:param extension: A :class:`.MapperExtension` instance or
list of :class:`.MapperExtension` instances which will be applied
to all operations by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
:param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
names to map.
See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
:param inherits: A mapped class or the corresponding
:class:`_orm.Mapper`
of one indicating a superclass to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
should *inherit* from. The mapped class here must be a subclass
of the other mapper's class. When using Declarative, this argument
is passed automatically as a result of the natural class
hierarchy of the declared classes.
.. seealso::
:ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
:param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
expression which will
define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
between the two tables.
:param inherit_foreign_keys: When ``inherit_condition`` is used and
the columns present are missing a :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
configuration, this parameter can be used to specify which columns
are "foreign". In most cases can be left as ``None``.
:param legacy_is_orphan: Boolean, defaults to ``False``.
When ``True``, specifies that "legacy" orphan consideration
is to be applied to objects mapped by this mapper, which means
that a pending (that is, not persistent) object is auto-expunged
from an owning :class:`.Session` only when it is de-associated
from *all* parents that specify a ``delete-orphan`` cascade towards
this mapper. The new default behavior is that the object is
auto-expunged when it is de-associated with *any* of its parents
that specify ``delete-orphan`` cascade. This behavior is more
consistent with that of a persistent object, and allows behavior to
be consistent in more scenarios independently of whether or not an
orphanable object has been flushed yet or not.
See the change note and example at :ref:`legacy_is_orphan_addition`
for more detail on this change.
:param non_primary: Specify that this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
is in addition
to the "primary" mapper, that is, the one used for persistence.
The :class:`_orm.Mapper` created here may be used for ad-hoc
mapping of the class to an alternate selectable, for loading
only.
:paramref:`_orm.Mapper.non_primary` is not an often used option, but
is useful in some specific :func:`_orm.relationship` cases.
.. seealso::
:ref:`relationship_non_primary_mapper`
:param order_by: A single :class:`_schema.Column` or list of
:class:`_schema.Column`
objects for which selection operations should use as the default
ordering for entities. By default mappers have no pre-defined
ordering.
:param passive_deletes: Indicates DELETE behavior of foreign key
columns when a joined-table inheritance entity is being deleted.
Defaults to ``False`` for a base mapper; for an inheriting mapper,
defaults to ``False`` unless the value is set to ``True``
on the superclass mapper.
When ``True``, it is assumed that ON DELETE CASCADE is configured
on the foreign key relationships that link this mapper's table
to its superclass table, so that when the unit of work attempts
to delete the entity, it need only emit a DELETE statement for the
superclass table, and not this table.
When ``False``, a DELETE statement is emitted for this mapper's
table individually. If the primary key attributes local to this
table are unloaded, then a SELECT must be emitted in order to
validate these attributes; note that the primary key columns
of a joined-table subclass are not part of the "primary key" of
the object as a whole.
Note that a value of ``True`` is **always** forced onto the
subclass mappers; that is, it's not possible for a superclass
to specify passive_deletes without this taking effect for
all subclass mappers.
.. versionadded:: 1.1
.. seealso::
:ref:`passive_deletes` - description of similar feature as
used with :func:`_orm.relationship`
:paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - supporting ON UPDATE
CASCADE for joined-table inheritance mappers
:param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign key
columns when a primary key column changes on a joined-table
inheritance mapping. Defaults to ``True``.
When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent columns
on joined-table rows.
When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
operation for an update. The unit of work process will
emit an UPDATE statement for the dependent columns during a
primary key change.
.. seealso::
:ref:`passive_updates` - description of a similar feature as
used with :func:`_orm.relationship`
:paramref:`.mapper.passive_deletes` - supporting ON DELETE
CASCADE for joined-table inheritance mappers
:param polymorphic_load: Specifies "polymorphic loading" behavior
for a subclass in an inheritance hierarchy (joined and single
table inheritance only). Valid values are:
* "'inline'" - specifies this class should be part of the
"with_polymorphic" mappers, e.g. its columns will be included
in a SELECT query against the base.
* "'selectin'" - specifies that when instances of this class
are loaded, an additional SELECT will be emitted to retrieve
the columns specific to this subclass. The SELECT uses
IN to fetch multiple subclasses at once.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
.. seealso::
:ref:`with_polymorphic_mapper_config`
:ref:`polymorphic_selectin`
:param polymorphic_on: Specifies the column, attribute, or
SQL expression used to determine the target class for an
incoming row, when inheriting classes are present.
This value is commonly a :class:`_schema.Column` object that's
present in the mapped :class:`_schema.Table`::
class Employee(Base):
__tablename__ = 'employee'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
discriminator = Column(String(50))
__mapper_args__ = {
"polymorphic_on":discriminator,
"polymorphic_identity":"employee"
}
It may also be specified
as a SQL expression, as in this example where we
use the :func:`.case` construct to provide a conditional
approach::
class Employee(Base):
__tablename__ = 'employee'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
discriminator = Column(String(50))
__mapper_args__ = {
"polymorphic_on":case([
(discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
(discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
], else_="employee"),
"polymorphic_identity":"employee"
}
It may also refer to any attribute
configured with :func:`.column_property`, or to the
string name of one::
class Employee(Base):
__tablename__ = 'employee'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
discriminator = Column(String(50))
employee_type = column_property(
case([
(discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
(discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
], else_="employee")
)
__mapper_args__ = {
"polymorphic_on":employee_type,
"polymorphic_identity":"employee"
}
When setting ``polymorphic_on`` to reference an
attribute or expression that's not present in the
locally mapped :class:`_schema.Table`, yet the value
of the discriminator should be persisted to the database,
the value of the
discriminator is not automatically set on new
instances; this must be handled by the user,
either through manual means or via event listeners.
A typical approach to establishing such a listener
looks like::
from sqlalchemy import event
from sqlalchemy.orm import object_mapper
@event.listens_for(Employee, "init", propagate=True)
def set_identity(instance, *arg, **kw):
mapper = object_mapper(instance)
instance.discriminator = mapper.polymorphic_identity
Where above, we assign the value of ``polymorphic_identity``
for the mapped class to the ``discriminator`` attribute,
thus persisting the value to the ``discriminator`` column
in the database.
.. warning::
Currently, **only one discriminator column may be set**, typically
on the base-most class in the hierarchy. "Cascading" polymorphic
columns are not yet supported.
.. seealso::
:ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
:param polymorphic_identity: Specifies the value which
identifies this particular class as returned by the
column expression referred to by the ``polymorphic_on``
setting. As rows are received, the value corresponding
to the ``polymorphic_on`` column expression is compared
to this value, indicating which subclass should
be used for the newly reconstructed object.
:param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
attributes to :class:`.MapperProperty` instances, which define the
persistence behavior of that attribute. Note that
:class:`_schema.Column`
objects present in
the mapped :class:`_schema.Table` are automatically placed into
``ColumnProperty`` instances upon mapping, unless overridden.
When using Declarative, this argument is passed automatically,
based on all those :class:`.MapperProperty` instances declared
in the declared class body.
:param primary_key: A list of :class:`_schema.Column`
objects which define
the primary key to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
This is normally simply the primary key of the ``local_table``, but
can be overridden here.
:param version_id_col: A :class:`_schema.Column`
that will be used to keep a running version id of rows
in the table. This is used to detect concurrent updates or
the presence of stale data in a flush. The methodology is to
detect if an UPDATE statement does not match the last known
version id, a
:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.StaleDataError` exception is
thrown.
By default, the column must be of :class:`.Integer` type,
unless ``version_id_generator`` specifies an alternative version
generator.
.. seealso::
:ref:`mapper_version_counter` - discussion of version counting
and rationale.
:param version_id_generator: Define how new version ids should
be generated. Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that
a simple integer counting scheme be employed. To provide a custom
versioning scheme, provide a callable function of the form::
def generate_version(version):
return next_version
Alternatively, server-side versioning functions such as triggers,
or programmatic versioning schemes outside of the version id
generator may be used, by specifying the value ``False``.
Please see :ref:`server_side_version_counter` for a discussion
of important points when using this option.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0 ``version_id_generator`` supports
server-side version number generation.
.. seealso::
:ref:`custom_version_counter`
:ref:`server_side_version_counter`
:param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(<classes>,
<selectable>)`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
loading, that is, which tables are queried at once. <classes> is
any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
loaded immediately. The second tuple argument <selectable>
indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
classes.
.. seealso::
:ref:`with_polymorphic` - discussion of polymorphic querying
techniques.
"""
self.class_ = util.assert_arg_type(class_, type, "class_")
self.class_manager = None
self._primary_key_argument = util.to_list(primary_key)
self.non_primary = non_primary
if order_by is not False:
self.order_by = util.to_list(order_by)
else:
self.order_by = order_by
self.always_refresh = always_refresh
if isinstance(version_id_col, MapperProperty):
self.version_id_prop = version_id_col
self.version_id_col = None
else:
self.version_id_col = version_id_col
if version_id_generator is False:
self.version_id_generator = False
elif version_id_generator is None:
self.version_id_generator = lambda x: (x or 0) + 1
else:
self.version_id_generator = version_id_generator
self.concrete = concrete
self.single = False
self.inherits = inherits
self.local_table = local_table
self.inherit_condition = inherit_condition
self.inherit_foreign_keys = inherit_foreign_keys
self._init_properties = properties or {}
self._delete_orphans = []
self.batch = batch
self.eager_defaults = eager_defaults
self.column_prefix = column_prefix
self.polymorphic_on = expression._clause_element_as_expr(
polymorphic_on
)
self._dependency_processors = []
self.validators = util.immutabledict()
self.passive_updates = passive_updates
self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
self.legacy_is_orphan = legacy_is_orphan
self._clause_adapter = None
self._requires_row_aliasing = False
self._inherits_equated_pairs = None
self._memoized_values = {}
self._compiled_cache_size = _compiled_cache_size
self._reconstructor = None
self._deprecated_extensions = util.to_list(extension or [])
self.allow_partial_pks = allow_partial_pks
if self.inherits and not self.concrete:
self.confirm_deleted_rows = False
else:
self.confirm_deleted_rows = confirm_deleted_rows
if isinstance(self.local_table, expression.SelectBase):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
"an alias() of the construct instead."
"This because several databases don't allow a "
"SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
)
self._set_with_polymorphic(with_polymorphic)
self.polymorphic_load = polymorphic_load
# our 'polymorphic identity', a string name that when located in a
# result set row indicates this Mapper should be used to construct
# the object instance for that row.
self.polymorphic_identity = polymorphic_identity
# a dictionary of 'polymorphic identity' names, associating those
# names with Mappers that will be used to construct object instances
# upon a select operation.
if _polymorphic_map is None:
self.polymorphic_map = {}
else:
self.polymorphic_map = _polymorphic_map
if include_properties is not None:
self.include_properties = util.to_set(include_properties)
else:
self.include_properties = None
if exclude_properties:
self.exclude_properties = util.to_set(exclude_properties)
else:
self.exclude_properties = None
self.configured = False
# prevent this mapper from being constructed
# while a configure_mappers() is occurring (and defer a
# configure_mappers() until construction succeeds)
_CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
try:
self.dispatch._events._new_mapper_instance(class_, self)
self._configure_inheritance()
self._configure_legacy_instrument_class()
self._configure_class_instrumentation()
self._configure_listeners()
self._configure_properties()
self._configure_polymorphic_setter()
self._configure_pks()
Mapper._new_mappers = True
self._log("constructed")
self._expire_memoizations()
finally:
_CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
# major attributes initialized at the classlevel so that
# they can be Sphinx-documented.
is_mapper = True
"""Part of the inspection API."""
represents_outer_join = False
@property
def mapper(self):
"""Part of the inspection API.
Returns self.
"""
return self
@property
def entity(self):
r"""Part of the inspection API.
Returns self.class\_.
"""
return self.class_
local_table = None
"""The :class:`expression.Selectable` which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
manages.
Typically is an instance of :class:`_schema.Table` or
:class:`_expression.Alias`.
May also be ``None``.
The "local" table is the
selectable that the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is directly responsible for
managing from an attribute access and flush perspective. For
non-inheriting mappers, the local table is the same as the
"mapped" table. For joined-table inheritance mappers, local_table
will be the particular sub-table of the overall "join" which
this :class:`_orm.Mapper` represents. If this mapper is a
single-table inheriting mapper, local_table will be ``None``.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable`.
"""
persist_selectable = None
"""The :class:`expression.Selectable` to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
is mapped.
Typically an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`, :class:`_expression.Join`
, or
:class:`_expression.Alias`.
The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable` is separate from
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.selectable` in that the former represents columns
that are mapped on this class or its superclasses, whereas the
latter may be a "polymorphic" selectable that contains additional columns
which are in fact mapped on subclasses only.
"persist selectable" is the "thing the mapper writes to" and
"selectable" is the "thing the mapper selects from".
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable` is also separate from
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table`, which represents the set of columns that
are locally mapped on this class directly.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.selectable`.
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table`.
"""
inherits = None
"""References the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
inherits from, if any.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
configured = None
"""Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` has been configured.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
.. seealso::
:func:`.configure_mappers`.
"""
concrete = None
"""Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a concrete
inheritance mapper.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
tables = None
"""An iterable containing the collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects
which this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is aware of.
If the mapper is mapped to a :class:`_expression.Join`, or an
:class:`_expression.Alias`
representing a :class:`_expression.Select`, the individual
:class:`_schema.Table`
objects that comprise the full construct will be represented here.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
primary_key = None
"""An iterable containing the collection of :class:`_schema.Column`
objects
which comprise the 'primary key' of the mapped table, from the
perspective of this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
This list is against the selectable in
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable`.
In the case of inheriting mappers, some columns may be managed by a
superclass mapper. For example, in the case of a
:class:`_expression.Join`, the
primary key is determined by all of the primary key columns across all
tables referenced by the :class:`_expression.Join`.
The list is also not necessarily the same as the primary key column
collection associated with the underlying tables; the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
features a ``primary_key`` argument that can override what the
:class:`_orm.Mapper` considers as primary key columns.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
class_ = None
"""The Python class which this :class:`_orm.Mapper` maps.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
class_manager = None
"""The :class:`.ClassManager` which maintains event listeners
and class-bound descriptors for this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
single = None
"""Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a single table
inheritance mapper.
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table` will be ``None`` if this flag is set.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
non_primary = None
"""Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a "non-primary"
mapper, e.g. a mapper that is used only to select rows but not for
persistence management.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
polymorphic_on = None
"""The :class:`_schema.Column` or SQL expression specified as the
``polymorphic_on`` argument
for this :class:`_orm.Mapper`, within an inheritance scenario.
This attribute is normally a :class:`_schema.Column` instance but
may also be an expression, such as one derived from
:func:`.cast`.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
polymorphic_map = None
"""A mapping of "polymorphic identity" identifiers mapped to
:class:`_orm.Mapper` instances, within an inheritance scenario.
The identifiers can be of any type which is comparable to the
type of column represented by :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
An inheritance chain of mappers will all reference the same
polymorphic map object. The object is used to correlate incoming
result rows to target mappers.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
polymorphic_identity = None
"""Represent an identifier which is matched against the
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column during result row loading.
Used only with inheritance, this object can be of any type which is
comparable to the type of column represented by
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
base_mapper = None
"""The base-most :class:`_orm.Mapper` in an inheritance chain.
In a non-inheriting scenario, this attribute will always be this
:class:`_orm.Mapper`. In an inheritance scenario, it references
the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is parent to all other :class:`_orm.Mapper`
objects in the inheritance chain.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
columns = None
"""A collection of :class:`_schema.Column` or other scalar expression
objects maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
The collection behaves the same as that of the ``c`` attribute on
any :class:`_schema.Table` object,
except that only those columns included in
this mapping are present, and are keyed based on the attribute name
defined in the mapping, not necessarily the ``key`` attribute of the
:class:`_schema.Column` itself. Additionally, scalar expressions mapped
by :func:`.column_property` are also present here.
This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
"""
validators = None
"""An immutable dictionary of attributes which have been decorated
using the :func:`_orm.validates` decorator.
The dictionary contains string attribute names as keys
mapped to the actual validation method.
"""
c = None
"""A synonym for :attr:`_orm.Mapper.columns`."""
@property
@util.deprecated("1.3", "Use .persist_selectable")
def mapped_table(self):
return self.persist_selectable
@util.memoized_property
def _path_registry(self):
return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
def _configure_inheritance(self):
"""Configure settings related to inheriting and/or inherited mappers
being present."""
# a set of all mappers which inherit from this one.
self._inheriting_mappers = util.WeakSequence()
if self.inherits:
if isinstance(self.inherits, type):
self.inherits = class_mapper(self.inherits, configure=False)
if not issubclass(self.class_, self.inherits.class_):
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Class '%s' does not inherit from '%s'"
% (self.class_.__name__, self.inherits.class_.__name__)
)
if self.non_primary != self.inherits.non_primary:
np = not self.non_primary and "primary" or "non-primary"
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Inheritance of %s mapper for class '%s' is "
"only allowed from a %s mapper"
% (np, self.class_.__name__, np)
)
# inherit_condition is optional.
if self.local_table is None:
self.local_table = self.inherits.local_table
self.persist_selectable = self.inherits.persist_selectable
self.single = True
elif self.local_table is not self.inherits.local_table:
if self.concrete:
self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
else:
if self.inherit_condition is None:
# figure out inherit condition from our table to the
# immediate table of the inherited mapper, not its
# full table which could pull in other stuff we don't
# want (allows test/inheritance.InheritTest4 to pass)
self.inherit_condition = sql_util.join_condition(
self.inherits.local_table, self.local_table
)
self.persist_selectable = sql.join(
self.inherits.persist_selectable,
self.local_table,
self.inherit_condition,
)
fks = util.to_set(self.inherit_foreign_keys)
self._inherits_equated_pairs = sql_util.criterion_as_pairs(
self.persist_selectable.onclause,
consider_as_foreign_keys=fks,
)
else:
self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
if self.polymorphic_identity is not None and not self.concrete:
self._identity_class = self.inherits._identity_class
else:
self._identity_class = self.class_
if self.version_id_col is None:
self.version_id_col = self.inherits.version_id_col
self.version_id_generator = self.inherits.version_id_generator
elif (
self.inherits.version_id_col is not None
and self.version_id_col is not self.inherits.version_id_col
):
util.warn(
"Inheriting version_id_col '%s' does not match inherited "
"version_id_col '%s' and will not automatically populate "
"the inherited versioning column. "
"version_id_col should only be specified on "
"the base-most mapper that includes versioning."
% (
self.version_id_col.description,
self.inherits.version_id_col.description,
)
)
if (
self.order_by is False
and not self.concrete
and self.inherits.order_by is not False
):
self.order_by = self.inherits.order_by
self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
self.batch = self.inherits.batch
self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
self.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
self.passive_deletes = (
self.inherits.passive_deletes or self.passive_deletes
)
self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
if self.polymorphic_identity in self.polymorphic_map:
util.warn(
"Reassigning polymorphic association for identity %r "
"from %r to %r: Check for duplicate use of %r as "
"value for polymorphic_identity."
% (
self.polymorphic_identity,
self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity],
self,
self.polymorphic_identity,
)
)
self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
if self.polymorphic_load and self.concrete:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"polymorphic_load is not currently supported "
"with concrete table inheritance"
)
if self.polymorphic_load == "inline":
self.inherits._add_with_polymorphic_subclass(self)
elif self.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
pass
elif self.polymorphic_load is not None:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"unknown argument for polymorphic_load: %r"
% self.polymorphic_load
)
else:
self._all_tables = set()
self.base_mapper = self
self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
self._identity_class = self.class_
if self.persist_selectable is None:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Mapper '%s' does not have a persist_selectable specified."
% self
)
def _set_with_polymorphic(self, with_polymorphic):
if with_polymorphic == "*":
self.with_polymorphic = ("*", None)
elif isinstance(with_polymorphic, (tuple, list)):
if isinstance(
with_polymorphic[0], util.string_types + (tuple, list)
):
self.with_polymorphic = with_polymorphic
else:
self.with_polymorphic = (with_polymorphic, None)
elif with_polymorphic is not None:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("Invalid setting for with_polymorphic")
else:
self.with_polymorphic = None
if isinstance(self.local_table, expression.SelectBase):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
"an alias() of the construct instead."
"This because several databases don't allow a "
"SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
)
if self.with_polymorphic and isinstance(
self.with_polymorphic[1], expression.SelectBase
):
self.with_polymorphic = (
self.with_polymorphic[0],
self.with_polymorphic[1].alias(),
)
if self.configured:
self._expire_memoizations()
def _add_with_polymorphic_subclass(self, mapper):
subcl = mapper.class_
if self.with_polymorphic is None:
self._set_with_polymorphic((subcl,))
elif self.with_polymorphic[0] != "*":
self._set_with_polymorphic(
(self.with_polymorphic[0] + (subcl,), self.with_polymorphic[1])
)
def _set_concrete_base(self, mapper):
"""Set the given :class:`_orm.Mapper` as the 'inherits' for this
:class:`_orm.Mapper`, assuming this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is concrete
and does not already have an inherits."""
assert self.concrete
assert not self.inherits
assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
self.inherits = mapper
self.inherits.polymorphic_map.update(self.polymorphic_map)
self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
self.batch = self.inherits.batch
for mp in self.self_and_descendants:
mp.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
for key, prop in mapper._props.items():
if key not in self._props and not self._should_exclude(
key, key, local=False, column=None
):
self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
def _set_polymorphic_on(self, polymorphic_on):
self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
self._configure_polymorphic_setter(True)
def _configure_legacy_instrument_class(self):
if self.inherits:
self.dispatch._update(self.inherits.dispatch)
super_extensions = set(
chain(
*[
m._deprecated_extensions
for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root()
]
)
)
else:
super_extensions = set()
for ext in self._deprecated_extensions:
if ext not in super_extensions:
ext._adapt_instrument_class(self, ext)
def _configure_listeners(self):
if self.inherits:
super_extensions = set(
chain(
*[
m._deprecated_extensions
for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root()
]
)
)
else:
super_extensions = set()
for ext in self._deprecated_extensions:
if ext not in super_extensions:
ext._adapt_listener(self, ext)
def _configure_class_instrumentation(self):
"""If this mapper is to be a primary mapper (i.e. the
non_primary flag is not set), associate this Mapper with the
given class and entity name.
Subsequent calls to ``class_mapper()`` for the ``class_`` / ``entity``
name combination will return this mapper. Also decorate the
`__init__` method on the mapped class to include optional
auto-session attachment logic.
"""
manager = attributes.manager_of_class(self.class_)
if self.non_primary:
if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Class %s has no primary mapper configured. Configure "
"a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
"Mapper." % self.class_
)
self.class_manager = manager
self._identity_class = manager.mapper._identity_class
_mapper_registry[self] = True
return
if manager is not None:
assert manager.class_ is self.class_
if manager.is_mapped:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Class '%s' already has a primary mapper defined. "
"Use non_primary=True to "
"create a non primary Mapper. clear_mappers() will "
"remove *all* current mappers from all classes."
% self.class_
)
# else:
# a ClassManager may already exist as
# ClassManager.instrument_attribute() creates
# new managers for each subclass if they don't yet exist.
_mapper_registry[self] = True
# note: this *must be called before instrumentation.register_class*
# to maintain the documented behavior of instrument_class
self.dispatch.instrument_class(self, self.class_)
if manager is None:
manager = instrumentation.register_class(self.class_)
self.class_manager = manager
manager.mapper = self
manager.deferred_scalar_loader = util.partial(
loading.load_scalar_attributes, self
)
# The remaining members can be added by any mapper,
# e_name None or not.
if manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR, False):
return
event.listen(manager, "first_init", _event_on_first_init, raw=True)
event.listen(manager, "init", _event_on_init, raw=True)
for key, method in util.iterate_attributes(self.class_):
if key == "__init__" and hasattr(method, "_sa_original_init"):
method = method._sa_original_init
if isinstance(method, types.MethodType):
method = method.im_func
if isinstance(method, types.FunctionType):
if hasattr(method, "__sa_reconstructor__"):
self._reconstructor = method
event.listen(manager, "load", _event_on_load, raw=True)
elif hasattr(method, "__sa_validators__"):
validation_opts = method.__sa_validation_opts__
for name in method.__sa_validators__:
if name in self.validators:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"A validation function for mapped "
"attribute %r on mapper %s already exists."
% (name, self)
)
self.validators = self.validators.union(
{name: (method, validation_opts)}
)
manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR] = self
@classmethod
def _configure_all(cls):
"""Class-level path to the :func:`.configure_mappers` call.
"""
configure_mappers()
def dispose(self):
# Disable any attribute-based compilation.
self.configured = True
self._dispose_called = True
if hasattr(self, "_configure_failed"):
del self._configure_failed
if (
not self.non_primary
and self.class_manager is not None
and self.class_manager.is_mapped
and self.class_manager.mapper is self
):
instrumentation.unregister_class(self.class_)
def _configure_pks(self):
self.tables = sql_util.find_tables(self.persist_selectable)
self._pks_by_table = {}
self._cols_by_table = {}
all_cols = util.column_set(
chain(*[col.proxy_set for col in self._columntoproperty])
)
pk_cols = util.column_set(c for c in all_cols if c.primary_key)
# identify primary key columns which are also mapped by this mapper.
tables = set(self.tables + [self.persist_selectable])
self._all_tables.update(tables)
for t in tables:
if t.primary_key and pk_cols.issuperset(t.primary_key):
# ordering is important since it determines the ordering of
# mapper.primary_key (and therefore query.get())
self._pks_by_table[t] = util.ordered_column_set(
t.primary_key
).intersection(pk_cols)
self._cols_by_table[t] = util.ordered_column_set(t.c).intersection(
all_cols
)
# if explicit PK argument sent, add those columns to the
# primary key mappings
if self._primary_key_argument:
for k in self._primary_key_argument:
if k.table not in self._pks_by_table:
self._pks_by_table[k.table] = util.OrderedSet()
self._pks_by_table[k.table].add(k)
# otherwise, see that we got a full PK for the mapped table
elif (
self.persist_selectable not in self._pks_by_table
or len(self._pks_by_table[self.persist_selectable]) == 0
):
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
"key columns for mapped table '%s'"
% (self, self.persist_selectable.description)
)
elif self.local_table not in self._pks_by_table and isinstance(
self.local_table, schema.Table
):
util.warn(
"Could not assemble any primary "
"keys for locally mapped table '%s' - "
"no rows will be persisted in this Table."
% self.local_table.description
)
if (
self.inherits
and not self.concrete
and not self._primary_key_argument
):
# if inheriting, the "primary key" for this mapper is
# that of the inheriting (unless concrete or explicit)
self.primary_key = self.inherits.primary_key
else:
# determine primary key from argument or persist_selectable pks -
# reduce to the minimal set of columns
if self._primary_key_argument:
primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
[
self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
for c in self._primary_key_argument
],
ignore_nonexistent_tables=True,
)
else:
primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
self._pks_by_table[self.persist_selectable],
ignore_nonexistent_tables=True,
)
if len(primary_key) == 0:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
"key columns for mapped table '%s'"
% (self, self.persist_selectable.description)
)
self.primary_key = tuple(primary_key)
self._log("Identified primary key columns: %s", primary_key)
# determine cols that aren't expressed within our tables; mark these
# as "read only" properties which are refreshed upon INSERT/UPDATE
self._readonly_props = set(
self._columntoproperty[col]
for col in self._columntoproperty
if self._columntoproperty[col] not in self._identity_key_props
and (
not hasattr(col, "table")
or col.table not in self._cols_by_table
)
)
def _configure_properties(self):
# Column and other ClauseElement objects which are mapped
self.columns = self.c = util.OrderedProperties()
# object attribute names mapped to MapperProperty objects
self._props = util.OrderedDict()
# table columns mapped to lists of MapperProperty objects
# using a list allows a single column to be defined as
# populating multiple object attributes
self._columntoproperty = _ColumnMapping(self)
# load custom properties
if self._init_properties:
for key, prop in self._init_properties.items():
self._configure_property(key, prop, False)
# pull properties from the inherited mapper if any.
if self.inherits:
for key, prop in self.inherits._props.items():
if key not in self._props and not self._should_exclude(
key, key, local=False, column=None
):
self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
# create properties for each column in the mapped table,
# for those columns which don't already map to a property
for column in self.persist_selectable.columns:
if column in self._columntoproperty:
continue
column_key = (self.column_prefix or "") + column.key
if self._should_exclude(
column.key,
column_key,
local=self.local_table.c.contains_column(column),
column=column,
):
continue
# adjust the "key" used for this column to that
# of the inheriting mapper
for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
if column in mapper._columntoproperty:
column_key = mapper._columntoproperty[column].key
self._configure_property(
column_key, column, init=False, setparent=True
)
def _configure_polymorphic_setter(self, init=False):
"""Configure an attribute on the mapper representing the
'polymorphic_on' column, if applicable, and not
already generated by _configure_properties (which is typical).
Also create a setter function which will assign this
attribute to the value of the 'polymorphic_identity'
upon instance construction, also if applicable. This
routine will run when an instance is created.
"""
setter = False
if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
setter = True
if isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, util.string_types):
# polymorphic_on specified as a string - link
# it to mapped ColumnProperty
try:
self.polymorphic_on = self._props[self.polymorphic_on]
except KeyError as err:
util.raise_(
sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Can't determine polymorphic_on "
"value '%s' - no attribute is "
"mapped to this name." % self.polymorphic_on
),
replace_context=err,
)
if self.polymorphic_on in self._columntoproperty:
# polymorphic_on is a column that is already mapped
# to a ColumnProperty
prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
elif isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, MapperProperty):
# polymorphic_on is directly a MapperProperty,
# ensure it's a ColumnProperty
if not isinstance(
self.polymorphic_on, properties.ColumnProperty
):
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Only direct column-mapped "
"property or SQL expression "
"can be passed for polymorphic_on"
)
prop = self.polymorphic_on
elif not expression._is_column(self.polymorphic_on):
# polymorphic_on is not a Column and not a ColumnProperty;
# not supported right now.
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Only direct column-mapped "
"property or SQL expression "
"can be passed for polymorphic_on"
)
else:
# polymorphic_on is a Column or SQL expression and
# doesn't appear to be mapped. this means it can be 1.
# only present in the with_polymorphic selectable or
# 2. a totally standalone SQL expression which we'd
# hope is compatible with this mapper's persist_selectable
col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(
self.polymorphic_on
)
if col is None:
# polymorphic_on doesn't derive from any
# column/expression isn't present in the mapped
# table. we will make a "hidden" ColumnProperty
# for it. Just check that if it's directly a
# schema.Column and we have with_polymorphic, it's
# likely a user error if the schema.Column isn't
# represented somehow in either persist_selectable or
# with_polymorphic. Otherwise as of 0.7.4 we
# just go with it and assume the user wants it
# that way (i.e. a CASE statement)
setter = False
instrument = False
col = self.polymorphic_on
if isinstance(col, schema.Column) and (
self.with_polymorphic is None
or self.with_polymorphic[1].corresponding_column(col)
is None
):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Could not map polymorphic_on column "
"'%s' to the mapped table - polymorphic "
"loads will not function properly"
% col.description
)
else:
# column/expression that polymorphic_on derives from
# is present in our mapped table
# and is probably mapped, but polymorphic_on itself
# is not. This happens when
# the polymorphic_on is only directly present in the
# with_polymorphic selectable, as when use
# polymorphic_union.
# we'll make a separate ColumnProperty for it.
instrument = True
key = getattr(col, "key", None)
if key:
if self._should_exclude(col.key, col.key, False, col):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Cannot exclude or override the "
"discriminator column %r" % col.key
)
else:
self.polymorphic_on = col = col.label("_sa_polymorphic_on")
key = col.key
prop = properties.ColumnProperty(col, _instrument=instrument)
self._configure_property(key, prop, init=init, setparent=True)
# the actual polymorphic_on should be the first public-facing
# column in the property
self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
polymorphic_key = prop.key
else:
# no polymorphic_on was set.
# check inheriting mappers for one.
for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
# determine if polymorphic_on of the parent
# should be propagated here. If the col
# is present in our mapped table, or if our mapped
# table is the same as the parent (i.e. single table
# inheritance), we can use it
if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
if self.persist_selectable is mapper.persist_selectable:
self.polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
else:
self.polymorphic_on = (
self.persist_selectable
).corresponding_column(mapper.polymorphic_on)
# we can use the parent mapper's _set_polymorphic_identity
# directly; it ensures the polymorphic_identity of the
# instance's mapper is used so is portable to subclasses.
if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
self._set_polymorphic_identity = (
mapper._set_polymorphic_identity
)
self._validate_polymorphic_identity = (
mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity
)
else:
self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
return
if setter:
def _set_polymorphic_identity(state):
dict_ = state.dict
state.get_impl(polymorphic_key).set(
state,
dict_,
state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_identity,
None,
)
def _validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_):
if (
polymorphic_key in dict_
and dict_[polymorphic_key]
not in mapper._acceptable_polymorphic_identities
):
util.warn_limited(
"Flushing object %s with "
"incompatible polymorphic identity %r; the "
"object may not refresh and/or load correctly",
(state_str(state), dict_[polymorphic_key]),
)
self._set_polymorphic_identity = _set_polymorphic_identity
self._validate_polymorphic_identity = (
_validate_polymorphic_identity
)
else:
self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
_validate_polymorphic_identity = None
@_memoized_configured_property
def _version_id_prop(self):
if self.version_id_col is not None:
return self._columntoproperty[self.version_id_col]
else:
return None
@_memoized_configured_property
def _acceptable_polymorphic_identities(self):
identities = set()
stack = deque([self])
while stack:
item = stack.popleft()
if item.persist_selectable is self.persist_selectable:
identities.add(item.polymorphic_identity)
stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
return identities
@_memoized_configured_property
def _prop_set(self):
return frozenset(self._props.values())
def _adapt_inherited_property(self, key, prop, init):
if not self.concrete:
self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False, setparent=False)
elif key not in self._props:
# determine if the class implements this attribute; if not,
# or if it is implemented by the attribute that is handling the
# given superclass-mapped property, then we need to report that we
# can't use this at the instance level since we are a concrete
# mapper and we don't map this. don't trip user-defined
# descriptors that might have side effects when invoked.
implementing_attribute = self.class_manager._get_class_attr_mro(
key, prop
)
if implementing_attribute is prop or (
isinstance(
implementing_attribute, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute
)
and implementing_attribute._parententity is prop.parent
):
self._configure_property(
key,
properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty(),
init=init,
setparent=True,
)
def _configure_property(self, key, prop, init=True, setparent=True):
self._log("_configure_property(%s, %s)", key, prop.__class__.__name__)
if not isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
prop = self._property_from_column(key, prop)
if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
# if the column is not present in the mapped table,
# test if a column has been added after the fact to the
# parent table (or their parent, etc.) [ticket:1570]
if col is None and self.inherits:
path = [self]
for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root():
col = m.local_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
if col is not None:
for m2 in path:
m2.persist_selectable._reset_exported()
col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(
prop.columns[0]
)
break
path.append(m)
# subquery expression, column not present in the mapped
# selectable.
if col is None:
col = prop.columns[0]
# column is coming in after _readonly_props was
# initialized; check for 'readonly'
if hasattr(self, "_readonly_props") and (
not hasattr(col, "table")
or col.table not in self._cols_by_table
):
self._readonly_props.add(prop)
else:
# if column is coming in after _cols_by_table was
# initialized, ensure the col is in the right set
if (
hasattr(self, "_cols_by_table")
and col.table in self._cols_by_table
and col not in self._cols_by_table[col.table]
):
self._cols_by_table[col.table].add(col)
# if this properties.ColumnProperty represents the "polymorphic
# discriminator" column, mark it. We'll need this when rendering
# columns in SELECT statements.
if not hasattr(prop, "_is_polymorphic_discriminator"):
prop._is_polymorphic_discriminator = (
col is self.polymorphic_on
or prop.columns[0] is self.polymorphic_on
)
self.columns[key] = col
for col in prop.columns + prop._orig_columns:
for col in col.proxy_set:
self._columntoproperty[col] = prop
prop.key = key
if setparent:
prop.set_parent(self, init)
if key in self._props and getattr(
self._props[key], "_mapped_by_synonym", False
):
syn = self._props[key]._mapped_by_synonym
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
"a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
"%r for column %r" % (syn, key, key, syn)
)
if (
key in self._props
and not isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
and not isinstance(
self._props[key],
(
properties.ColumnProperty,
properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty,
),
)
):
util.warn(
"Property %s on %s being replaced with new "
"property %s; the old property will be discarded"
% (self._props[key], self, prop)
)
oldprop = self._props[key]
self._path_registry.pop(oldprop, None)
self._props[key] = prop
if not self.non_primary:
prop.instrument_class(self)
for mapper in self._inheriting_mappers:
mapper._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, init)
if init:
prop.init()
prop.post_instrument_class(self)
if self.configured:
self._expire_memoizations()
def _property_from_column(self, key, prop):
"""generate/update a :class:`.ColumnProprerty` given a
:class:`_schema.Column` object. """
# we were passed a Column or a list of Columns;
# generate a properties.ColumnProperty
columns = util.to_list(prop)
column = columns[0]
if not expression._is_column(column):
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"%s=%r is not an instance of MapperProperty or Column"
% (key, prop)
)
prop = self._props.get(key, None)
if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
if (
(
not self._inherits_equated_pairs
or (prop.columns[0], column)
not in self._inherits_equated_pairs
)
and not prop.columns[0].shares_lineage(column)
and prop.columns[0] is not self.version_id_col
and column is not self.version_id_col
):
warn_only = prop.parent is not self
msg = (
"Implicitly combining column %s with column "
"%s under attribute '%s'. Please configure one "
"or more attributes for these same-named columns "
"explicitly." % (prop.columns[-1], column, key)
)
if warn_only:
util.warn(msg)
else:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
# existing properties.ColumnProperty from an inheriting
# mapper. make a copy and append our column to it
prop = prop.copy()
prop.columns.insert(0, column)
self._log(
"inserting column to existing list "
"in properties.ColumnProperty %s" % (key)
)
return prop
elif prop is None or isinstance(
prop, properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty
):
mapped_column = []
for c in columns:
mc = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
if mc is None:
mc = self.local_table.corresponding_column(c)
if mc is not None:
# if the column is in the local table but not the
# mapped table, this corresponds to adding a
# column after the fact to the local table.
# [ticket:1523]
self.persist_selectable._reset_exported()
mc = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
if mc is None:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"When configuring property '%s' on %s, "
"column '%s' is not represented in the mapper's "
"table. Use the `column_property()` function to "
"force this column to be mapped as a read-only "
"attribute." % (key, self, c)
)
mapped_column.append(mc)
return properties.ColumnProperty(*mapped_column)
else:
raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
"WARNING: when configuring property '%s' on %s, "
"column '%s' conflicts with property '%r'. "
"To resolve this, map the column to the class under a "
"different name in the 'properties' dictionary. Or, "
"to remove all awareness of the column entirely "
"(including its availability as a foreign key), "
"use the 'include_properties' or 'exclude_properties' "
"mapper arguments to control specifically which table "
"columns get mapped." % (key, self, column.key, prop)
)
def _post_configure_properties(self):
"""Call the ``init()`` method on all ``MapperProperties``
attached to this mapper.
This is a deferred configuration step which is intended
to execute once all mappers have been constructed.
"""
self._log("_post_configure_properties() started")
l = [(key, prop) for key, prop in self._props.items()]
for key, prop in l:
self._log("initialize prop %s", key)
if prop.parent is self and not prop._configure_started:
prop.init()
if prop._configure_finished:
prop.post_instrument_class(self)
self._log("_post_configure_properties() complete")
self.configured = True
def add_properties(self, dict_of_properties):
"""Add the given dictionary of properties to this mapper,
using `add_property`.
"""
for key, value in dict_of_properties.items():
self.add_property(key, value)
def add_property(self, key, prop):
"""Add an individual MapperProperty to this mapper.
If the mapper has not been configured yet, just adds the
property to the initial properties dictionary sent to the
constructor. If this Mapper has already been configured, then
the given MapperProperty is configured immediately.
"""
self._init_properties[key] = prop
self._configure_property(key, prop, init=self.configured)
def _expire_memoizations(self):
for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
_memoized_configured_property.expire_instance(mapper)
@property
def _log_desc(self):
return (
"("
+ self.class_.__name__
+ "|"
+ (
self.local_table is not None
and self.local_table.description
or str(self.local_table)
)
+ (self.non_primary and "|non-primary" or "")
+ ")"
)
def _log(self, msg, *args):
self.logger.info("%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args))
def _log_debug(self, msg, *args):
self.logger.debug("%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args))
def __repr__(self):
return "<Mapper at 0x%x; %s>" % (id(self), self.class_.__name__)
def __str__(self):
return "mapped class %s%s->%s" % (
self.class_.__name__,
self.non_primary and " (non-primary)" or "",
self.local_table.description
if self.local_table is not None
else self.persist_selectable.description,
)
def _is_orphan(self, state):
orphan_possible = False
for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
for (key, cls) in mapper._delete_orphans:
orphan_possible = True
has_parent = attributes.manager_of_class(cls).has_parent(
state, key, optimistic=state.has_identity
)
if self.legacy_is_orphan and has_parent:
return False
elif not self.legacy_is_orphan and not has_parent:
return True
if self.legacy_is_orphan:
return orphan_possible
else:
return False
def has_property(self, key):
return key in self._props
def get_property(self, key, _configure_mappers=True):
"""return a MapperProperty associated with the given key.
"""
if _configure_mappers and Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
try:
return self._props[key]
except KeyError as err:
util.raise_(
sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Mapper '%s' has no property '%s'" % (self, key)
),
replace_context=err,
)
def get_property_by_column(self, column):
"""Given a :class:`_schema.Column` object, return the
:class:`.MapperProperty` which maps this column."""
return self._columntoproperty[column]
@property
def iterate_properties(self):
"""return an iterator of all MapperProperty objects."""
if Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
return iter(self._props.values())
def _mappers_from_spec(self, spec, selectable):
"""given a with_polymorphic() argument, return the set of mappers it
represents.
Trims the list of mappers to just those represented within the given
selectable, if present. This helps some more legacy-ish mappings.
"""
if spec == "*":
mappers = list(self.self_and_descendants)
elif spec:
mappers = set()
for m in util.to_list(spec):
m = _class_to_mapper(m)
if not m.isa(self):
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"%r does not inherit from %r" % (m, self)
)
if selectable is None:
mappers.update(m.iterate_to_root())
else:
mappers.add(m)
mappers = [m for m in self.self_and_descendants if m in mappers]
else:
mappers = []
if selectable is not None:
tables = set(
sql_util.find_tables(selectable, include_aliases=True)
)
mappers = [m for m in mappers if m.local_table in tables]
return mappers
def _selectable_from_mappers(self, mappers, innerjoin):
"""given a list of mappers (assumed to be within this mapper's
inheritance hierarchy), construct an outerjoin amongst those mapper's
mapped tables.
"""
from_obj = self.persist_selectable
for m in mappers:
if m is self:
continue
if m.concrete:
raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"'with_polymorphic()' requires 'selectable' argument "
"when concrete-inheriting mappers are used."
)
elif not m.single:
if innerjoin:
from_obj = from_obj.join(
m.local_table, m.inherit_condition
)
else:
from_obj = from_obj.outerjoin(
m.local_table, m.inherit_condition
)
return from_obj
@_memoized_configured_property
def _single_table_criterion(self):
if self.single and self.inherits and self.polymorphic_on is not None:
return self.polymorphic_on._annotate({"parentmapper": self}).in_(
m.polymorphic_identity for m in self.self_and_descendants
)
else:
return None
@_memoized_configured_property
def _with_polymorphic_mappers(self):
if Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
if not self.with_polymorphic:
return []
return self._mappers_from_spec(*self.with_polymorphic)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _with_polymorphic_selectable(self):
if not self.with_polymorphic:
return self.persist_selectable
spec, selectable = self.with_polymorphic
if selectable is not None:
return selectable
else:
return self._selectable_from_mappers(
self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable), False
)
with_polymorphic_mappers = _with_polymorphic_mappers
"""The list of :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects included in the
default "polymorphic" query.
"""
@_memoized_configured_property
def _insert_cols_evaluating_none(self):
return dict(
(
table,
frozenset(
col for col in columns if col.type.should_evaluate_none
),
)
for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _insert_cols_as_none(self):
return dict(
(
table,
frozenset(
col.key
for col in columns
if not col.primary_key
and not col.server_default
and not col.default
and not col.type.should_evaluate_none
),
)
for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _propkey_to_col(self):
return dict(
(
table,
dict(
(self._columntoproperty[col].key, col) for col in columns
),
)
for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _pk_keys_by_table(self):
return dict(
(table, frozenset([col.key for col in pks]))
for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _pk_attr_keys_by_table(self):
return dict(
(
table,
frozenset([self._columntoproperty[col].key for col in pks]),
)
for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _server_default_cols(self):
return dict(
(
table,
frozenset(
[
col.key
for col in columns
if col.server_default is not None
]
),
)
for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _server_default_plus_onupdate_propkeys(self):
result = set()
for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items():
for col in columns:
if (
col.server_default is not None
or col.server_onupdate is not None
) and col in self._columntoproperty:
result.add(self._columntoproperty[col].key)
return result
@_memoized_configured_property
def _server_onupdate_default_cols(self):
return dict(
(
table,
frozenset(
[
col.key
for col in columns
if col.server_onupdate is not None
]
),
)
for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
)
@property
def selectable(self):
"""The :func:`_expression.select` construct this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
selects from
by default.
Normally, this is equivalent to :attr:`.persist_selectable`, unless
the ``with_polymorphic`` feature is in use, in which case the
full "polymorphic" selectable is returned.
"""
return self._with_polymorphic_selectable
def _with_polymorphic_args(
self, spec=None, selectable=False, innerjoin=False
):
if self.with_polymorphic:
if not spec:
spec = self.with_polymorphic[0]
if selectable is False:
selectable = self.with_polymorphic[1]
elif selectable is False:
selectable = None
mappers = self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable)
if selectable is not None:
return mappers, selectable
else:
return mappers, self._selectable_from_mappers(mappers, innerjoin)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _polymorphic_properties(self):
return list(
self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
self._with_polymorphic_mappers
)
)
def _iterate_polymorphic_properties(self, mappers=None):
"""Return an iterator of MapperProperty objects which will render into
a SELECT."""
if mappers is None:
mappers = self._with_polymorphic_mappers
if not mappers:
for c in self.iterate_properties:
yield c
else:
# in the polymorphic case, filter out discriminator columns
# from other mappers, as these are sometimes dependent on that
# mapper's polymorphic selectable (which we don't want rendered)
for c in util.unique_list(
chain(
*[
list(mapper.iterate_properties)
for mapper in [self] + mappers
]
)
):
if getattr(c, "_is_polymorphic_discriminator", False) and (
self.polymorphic_on is None
or c.columns[0] is not self.polymorphic_on
):
continue
yield c
@_memoized_configured_property
def attrs(self):
"""A namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty` objects
associated this mapper.
This is an object that provides each property based on
its key name. For instance, the mapper for a
``User`` class which has ``User.name`` attribute would
provide ``mapper.attrs.name``, which would be the
:class:`.ColumnProperty` representing the ``name``
column. The namespace object can also be iterated,
which would yield each :class:`.MapperProperty`.
:class:`_orm.Mapper` has several pre-filtered views
of this attribute which limit the types of properties
returned, including :attr:`.synonyms`, :attr:`.column_attrs`,
:attr:`.relationships`, and :attr:`.composites`.
.. warning::
The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` accessor namespace is an
instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`. This is
a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`. When
accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
scheme, e.g. ``mapper.attrs[somename]`` over
``getattr(mapper.attrs, somename)`` to avoid name collisions.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
"""
if Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
return util.ImmutableProperties(self._props)
@_memoized_configured_property
def all_orm_descriptors(self):
"""A namespace of all :class:`.InspectionAttr` attributes associated
with the mapped class.
These attributes are in all cases Python :term:`descriptors`
associated with the mapped class or its superclasses.
This namespace includes attributes that are mapped to the class
as well as attributes declared by extension modules.
It includes any Python descriptor type that inherits from
:class:`.InspectionAttr`. This includes
:class:`.QueryableAttribute`, as well as extension types such as
:class:`.hybrid_property`, :class:`.hybrid_method` and
:class:`.AssociationProxy`.
To distinguish between mapped attributes and extension attributes,
the attribute :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer
to a constant that distinguishes between different extension types.
When dealing with a :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, the
:attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute refers to the
:class:`.MapperProperty` property, which is what you get when
referring to the collection of mapped properties via
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`.
.. warning::
The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
accessor namespace is an
instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`. This is
a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`. When
accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
scheme, e.g. ``mapper.all_orm_descriptors[somename]`` over
``getattr(mapper.all_orm_descriptors, somename)`` to avoid name
collisions.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`
"""
return util.ImmutableProperties(
dict(self.class_manager._all_sqla_attributes())
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def synonyms(self):
"""Return a namespace of all :class:`.SynonymProperty`
properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
:class:`.MapperProperty`
objects.
"""
return self._filter_properties(properties.SynonymProperty)
@_memoized_configured_property
def column_attrs(self):
"""Return a namespace of all :class:`.ColumnProperty`
properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
:class:`.MapperProperty`
objects.
"""
return self._filter_properties(properties.ColumnProperty)
@_memoized_configured_property
def relationships(self):
"""A namespace of all :class:`.RelationshipProperty` properties
maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
.. warning::
the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.relationships` accessor namespace is an
instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`. This is
a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`. When
accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
scheme, e.g. ``mapper.relationships[somename]`` over
``getattr(mapper.relationships, somename)`` to avoid name
collisions.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
:class:`.MapperProperty`
objects.
"""
return self._filter_properties(properties.RelationshipProperty)
@_memoized_configured_property
def composites(self):
"""Return a namespace of all :class:`.CompositeProperty`
properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
.. seealso::
:attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
:class:`.MapperProperty`
objects.
"""
return self._filter_properties(properties.CompositeProperty)
def _filter_properties(self, type_):
if Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
return util.ImmutableProperties(
util.OrderedDict(
(k, v) for k, v in self._props.items() if isinstance(v, type_)
)
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _get_clause(self):
"""create a "get clause" based on the primary key. this is used
by query.get() and many-to-one lazyloads to load this item
by primary key.
"""
params = [
(primary_key, sql.bindparam(None, type_=primary_key.type))
for primary_key in self.primary_key
]
return (
sql.and_(*[k == v for (k, v) in params]),
util.column_dict(params),
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _equivalent_columns(self):
"""Create a map of all equivalent columns, based on
the determination of column pairs that are equated to
one another based on inherit condition. This is designed
to work with the queries that util.polymorphic_union
comes up with, which often don't include the columns from
the base table directly (including the subclass table columns
only).
The resulting structure is a dictionary of columns mapped
to lists of equivalent columns, e.g.::
{
tablea.col1:
{tableb.col1, tablec.col1},
tablea.col2:
{tabled.col2}
}
"""
result = util.column_dict()
def visit_binary(binary):
if binary.operator == operators.eq:
if binary.left in result:
result[binary.left].add(binary.right)
else:
result[binary.left] = util.column_set((binary.right,))
if binary.right in result:
result[binary.right].add(binary.left)
else:
result[binary.right] = util.column_set((binary.left,))
for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
if mapper.inherit_condition is not None:
visitors.traverse(
mapper.inherit_condition, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
)
return result
def _is_userland_descriptor(self, obj):
if isinstance(
obj,
(
_MappedAttribute,
instrumentation.ClassManager,
expression.ColumnElement,
),
):
return False
else:
return True
def _should_exclude(self, name, assigned_name, local, column):
"""determine whether a particular property should be implicitly
present on the class.
This occurs when properties are propagated from an inherited class, or
are applied from the columns present in the mapped table.
"""
# check for class-bound attributes and/or descriptors,
# either local or from an inherited class
if local:
if self.class_.__dict__.get(
assigned_name, None
) is not None and self._is_userland_descriptor(
self.class_.__dict__[assigned_name]
):
return True
else:
attr = self.class_manager._get_class_attr_mro(assigned_name, None)
if attr is not None and self._is_userland_descriptor(attr):
return True
if (
self.include_properties is not None
and name not in self.include_properties
and (column is None or column not in self.include_properties)
):
self._log("not including property %s" % (name))
return True
if self.exclude_properties is not None and (
name in self.exclude_properties
or (column is not None and column in self.exclude_properties)
):
self._log("excluding property %s" % (name))
return True
return False
def common_parent(self, other):
"""Return true if the given mapper shares a
common inherited parent as this mapper."""
return self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
def _canload(self, state, allow_subtypes):
s = self.primary_mapper()
if self.polymorphic_on is not None or allow_subtypes:
return _state_mapper(state).isa(s)
else:
return _state_mapper(state) is s
def isa(self, other):
"""Return True if the this mapper inherits from the given mapper."""
m = self
while m and m is not other:
m = m.inherits
return bool(m)
def iterate_to_root(self):
m = self
while m:
yield m
m = m.inherits
@_memoized_configured_property
def self_and_descendants(self):
"""The collection including this mapper and all descendant mappers.
This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
all their inheriting mappers as well.
"""
descendants = []
stack = deque([self])
while stack:
item = stack.popleft()
descendants.append(item)
stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
return util.WeakSequence(descendants)
def polymorphic_iterator(self):
"""Iterate through the collection including this mapper and
all descendant mappers.
This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
all their inheriting mappers as well.
To iterate through an entire hierarchy, use
``mapper.base_mapper.polymorphic_iterator()``.
"""
return iter(self.self_and_descendants)
def primary_mapper(self):
"""Return the primary mapper corresponding to this mapper's class key
(class)."""
return self.class_manager.mapper
@property
def primary_base_mapper(self):
return self.class_manager.mapper.base_mapper
def _result_has_identity_key(self, result, adapter=None):
pk_cols = self.primary_key
if adapter:
pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
for col in pk_cols:
if not result._has_key(col):
return False
else:
return True
def identity_key_from_row(self, row, identity_token=None, adapter=None):
"""Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
item from the identity map.
:param row: A :class:`.RowProxy` instance. The columns which are
mapped by this :class:`_orm.Mapper` should be locatable in the row,
preferably via the :class:`_schema.Column`
object directly (as is the case
when a :func:`_expression.select` construct is executed),
or via string names of
the form ``<tablename>_<colname>``.
"""
pk_cols = self.primary_key
if adapter:
pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
return (
self._identity_class,
tuple(row[column] for column in pk_cols),
identity_token,
)
def identity_key_from_primary_key(self, primary_key, identity_token=None):
"""Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
item from an identity map.
:param primary_key: A list of values indicating the identifier.
"""
return self._identity_class, tuple(primary_key), identity_token
def identity_key_from_instance(self, instance):
"""Return the identity key for the given instance, based on
its primary key attributes.
If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
If the row no longer exists,
:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
This value is typically also found on the instance state under the
attribute name `key`.
"""
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
return self._identity_key_from_state(state, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
def _identity_key_from_state(
self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET
):
dict_ = state.dict
manager = state.manager
return (
self._identity_class,
tuple(
[
manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive)
for prop in self._identity_key_props
]
),
state.identity_token,
)
def primary_key_from_instance(self, instance):
"""Return the list of primary key values for the given
instance.
If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
If the row no longer exists,
:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
"""
state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
identity_key = self._identity_key_from_state(
state, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
)
return identity_key[1]
@_memoized_configured_property
def _persistent_sortkey_fn(self):
key_fns = [col.type.sort_key_function for col in self.primary_key]
if set(key_fns).difference([None]):
def key(state):
return tuple(
key_fn(val) if key_fn is not None else val
for key_fn, val in zip(key_fns, state.key[1])
)
else:
def key(state):
return state.key[1]
return key
@_memoized_configured_property
def _identity_key_props(self):
return [self._columntoproperty[col] for col in self.primary_key]
@_memoized_configured_property
def _all_pk_props(self):
collection = set()
for table in self.tables:
collection.update(self._pks_by_table[table])
return collection
@_memoized_configured_property
def _should_undefer_in_wildcard(self):
cols = set(self.primary_key)
if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
cols.add(self.polymorphic_on)
return cols
@_memoized_configured_property
def _primary_key_propkeys(self):
return {prop.key for prop in self._all_pk_props}
def _get_state_attr_by_column(
self, state, dict_, column, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET
):
prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
def _set_committed_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
state.manager[prop.key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
def _set_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
state.manager[prop.key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
def _get_committed_attr_by_column(self, obj, column):
state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(obj)
return self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
state, dict_, column, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
)
def _get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
self, state, dict_, column, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET
):
prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_committed_value(
state, dict_, passive=passive
)
def _optimized_get_statement(self, state, attribute_names):
"""assemble a WHERE clause which retrieves a given state by primary
key, using a minimized set of tables.
Applies to a joined-table inheritance mapper where the
requested attribute names are only present on joined tables,
not the base table. The WHERE clause attempts to include
only those tables to minimize joins.
"""
props = self._props
tables = set(
chain(
*[
sql_util.find_tables(c, check_columns=True)
for key in attribute_names
for c in props[key].columns
]
)
)
if self.base_mapper.local_table in tables:
return None
def visit_binary(binary):
leftcol = binary.left
rightcol = binary.right
if leftcol is None or rightcol is None:
return
if leftcol.table not in tables:
leftval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
state,
state.dict,
leftcol,
passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
)
if leftval in orm_util._none_set:
raise _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable()
binary.left = sql.bindparam(
None, leftval, type_=binary.right.type
)
elif rightcol.table not in tables:
rightval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
state,
state.dict,
rightcol,
passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
)
if rightval in orm_util._none_set:
raise _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable()
binary.right = sql.bindparam(
None, rightval, type_=binary.right.type
)
allconds = []
try:
start = False
for mapper in reversed(list(self.iterate_to_root())):
if mapper.local_table in tables:
start = True
elif not isinstance(
mapper.local_table, expression.TableClause
):
return None
if start and not mapper.single:
allconds.append(
visitors.cloned_traverse(
mapper.inherit_condition,
{},
{"binary": visit_binary},
)
)
except _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable:
return None
cond = sql.and_(*allconds)
cols = []
for key in attribute_names:
cols.extend(props[key].columns)
return sql.select(cols, cond, use_labels=True)
def _iterate_to_target_viawpoly(self, mapper):
if self.isa(mapper):
prev = self
for m in self.iterate_to_root():
yield m
if m is not prev and prev not in m._with_polymorphic_mappers:
break
prev = m
if m is mapper:
break
def _should_selectin_load(self, enabled_via_opt, polymorphic_from):
if not enabled_via_opt:
# common case, takes place for all polymorphic loads
mapper = polymorphic_from
for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
if m.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
return m
else:
# uncommon case, selectin load options were used
enabled_via_opt = set(enabled_via_opt)
enabled_via_opt_mappers = {e.mapper: e for e in enabled_via_opt}
for entity in enabled_via_opt.union([polymorphic_from]):
mapper = entity.mapper
for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
if (
m.polymorphic_load == "selectin"
or m in enabled_via_opt_mappers
):
return enabled_via_opt_mappers.get(m, m)
return None
@util.dependencies(
"sqlalchemy.ext.baked", "sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options"
)
def _subclass_load_via_in(self, baked, strategy_options, entity):
"""Assemble a BakedQuery that can load the columns local to
this subclass as a SELECT with IN.
"""
assert self.inherits
polymorphic_prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
keep_props = set([polymorphic_prop] + self._identity_key_props)
disable_opt = strategy_options.Load(entity)
enable_opt = strategy_options.Load(entity)
for prop in self.attrs:
if prop.parent is self or prop in keep_props:
# "enable" options, to turn on the properties that we want to
# load by default (subject to options from the query)
enable_opt.set_generic_strategy(
(prop.key,), dict(prop.strategy_key)
)
else:
# "disable" options, to turn off the properties from the
# superclass that we *don't* want to load, applied after
# the options from the query to override them
disable_opt.set_generic_strategy(
(prop.key,), {"do_nothing": True}
)
if len(self.primary_key) > 1:
in_expr = sql.tuple_(*self.primary_key)
else:
in_expr = self.primary_key[0]
if entity.is_aliased_class:
assert entity.mapper is self
q = baked.BakedQuery(
self._compiled_cache,
lambda session: session.query(entity)
.select_entity_from(entity.selectable)
._adapt_all_clauses(),
(self,),
)
q.spoil()
else:
q = baked.BakedQuery(
self._compiled_cache,
lambda session: session.query(self),
(self,),
)
q += lambda q: q.filter(
in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys", expanding=True))
).order_by(*self.primary_key)
return q, enable_opt, disable_opt
@_memoized_configured_property
def _subclass_load_via_in_mapper(self):
return self._subclass_load_via_in(self)
def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, halt_on=None):
r"""Iterate each element and its mapper in an object graph,
for all relationships that meet the given cascade rule.
:param type\_:
The name of the cascade rule (i.e. ``"save-update"``, ``"delete"``,
etc.).
.. note:: the ``"all"`` cascade is not accepted here. For a generic
object traversal function, see :ref:`faq_walk_objects`.
:param state:
The lead InstanceState. child items will be processed per
the relationships defined for this object's mapper.
:return: the method yields individual object instances.
.. seealso::
:ref:`unitofwork_cascades`
:ref:`faq_walk_objects` - illustrates a generic function to
traverse all objects without relying on cascades.
"""
visited_states = set()
prp, mpp = object(), object()
assert state.mapper.isa(self)
visitables = deque(
[(deque(state.mapper._props.values()), prp, state, state.dict)]
)
while visitables:
iterator, item_type, parent_state, parent_dict = visitables[-1]
if not iterator:
visitables.pop()
continue
if item_type is prp:
prop = iterator.popleft()
if type_ not in prop.cascade:
continue
queue = deque(
prop.cascade_iterator(
type_,
parent_state,
parent_dict,
visited_states,
halt_on,
)
)
if queue:
visitables.append((queue, mpp, None, None))
elif item_type is mpp:
(
instance,
instance_mapper,
corresponding_state,
corresponding_dict,
) = iterator.popleft()
yield (
instance,
instance_mapper,
corresponding_state,
corresponding_dict,
)
visitables.append(
(
deque(instance_mapper._props.values()),
prp,
corresponding_state,
corresponding_dict,
)
)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _compiled_cache(self):
return util.LRUCache(self._compiled_cache_size)
@_memoized_configured_property
def _sorted_tables(self):
table_to_mapper = {}
for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
for t in mapper.tables:
table_to_mapper.setdefault(t, mapper)
extra_dependencies = []
for table, mapper in table_to_mapper.items():
super_ = mapper.inherits
if super_:
extra_dependencies.extend(
[(super_table, table) for super_table in super_.tables]
)
def skip(fk):
# attempt to skip dependencies that are not
# significant to the inheritance chain
# for two tables that are related by inheritance.
# while that dependency may be important, it's technically
# not what we mean to sort on here.
parent = table_to_mapper.get(fk.parent.table)
dep = table_to_mapper.get(fk.column.table)
if (
parent is not None
and dep is not None
and dep is not parent
and dep.inherit_condition is not None
):
cols = set(sql_util._find_columns(dep.inherit_condition))
if parent.inherit_condition is not None:
cols = cols.union(
sql_util._find_columns(parent.inherit_condition)
)
return fk.parent not in cols and fk.column not in cols
else:
return fk.parent not in cols
return False
sorted_ = sql_util.sort_tables(
table_to_mapper,
skip_fn=skip,
extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies,
)
ret = util.OrderedDict()
for t in sorted_:
ret[t] = table_to_mapper[t]
return ret
def _memo(self, key, callable_):
if key in self._memoized_values:
return self._memoized_values[key]
else:
self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_()
return value
@util.memoized_property
def _table_to_equated(self):
"""memoized map of tables to collections of columns to be
synchronized upwards to the base mapper."""
result = util.defaultdict(list)
for table in self._sorted_tables:
cols = set(table.c)
for m in self.iterate_to_root():
if m._inherits_equated_pairs and cols.intersection(
util.reduce(
set.union,
[l.proxy_set for l, r in m._inherits_equated_pairs],
)
):
result[table].append((m, m._inherits_equated_pairs))
return result
class _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable(Exception):
pass
def configure_mappers():
"""Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that
have been constructed thus far.
This function can be called any number of times, but in
most cases is invoked automatically, the first time mappings are used,
as well as whenever mappings are used and additional not-yet-configured
mappers have been constructed.
Points at which this occur include when a mapped class is instantiated
into an instance, as well as when the :meth:`.Session.query` method
is used.
The :func:`.configure_mappers` function provides several event hooks
that can be used to augment its functionality. These methods include:
* :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` - called once before
:func:`.configure_mappers` does any work; this can be used to establish
additional options, properties, or related mappings before the operation
proceeds.
* :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` - called as each individual
:class:`_orm.Mapper` is configured within the process; will include all
mapper state except for backrefs set up by other mappers that are still
to be configured.
* :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` - called once after
:func:`.configure_mappers` is complete; at this stage, all
:class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that are known to SQLAlchemy will be fully
configured. Note that the calling application may still have other
mappings that haven't been produced yet, such as if they are in modules
as yet unimported.
"""
if not Mapper._new_mappers:
return
_CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
try:
global _already_compiling
if _already_compiling:
return
_already_compiling = True
try:
# double-check inside mutex
if not Mapper._new_mappers:
return
has_skip = False
Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).before_configured()
# initialize properties on all mappers
# note that _mapper_registry is unordered, which
# may randomly conceal/reveal issues related to
# the order of mapper compilation
for mapper in list(_mapper_registry):
run_configure = None
for fn in mapper.dispatch.before_mapper_configured:
run_configure = fn(mapper, mapper.class_)
if run_configure is EXT_SKIP:
has_skip = True
break
if run_configure is EXT_SKIP:
continue
if getattr(mapper, "_configure_failed", False):
e = sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
"One or more mappers failed to initialize - "
"can't proceed with initialization of other "
"mappers. Triggering mapper: '%s'. "
"Original exception was: %s"
% (mapper, mapper._configure_failed)
)
e._configure_failed = mapper._configure_failed
raise e
if not mapper.configured:
try:
mapper._post_configure_properties()
mapper._expire_memoizations()
mapper.dispatch.mapper_configured(
mapper, mapper.class_
)
except Exception:
exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
if not hasattr(exc, "_configure_failed"):
mapper._configure_failed = exc
raise
if not has_skip:
Mapper._new_mappers = False
finally:
_already_compiling = False
finally:
_CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).after_configured()
def reconstructor(fn):
"""Decorate a method as the 'reconstructor' hook.
Designates a method as the "reconstructor", an ``__init__``-like
method that will be called by the ORM after the instance has been
loaded from the database or otherwise reconstituted.
The reconstructor will be invoked with no arguments. Scalar
(non-collection) database-mapped attributes of the instance will
be available for use within the function. Eagerly-loaded
collections are generally not yet available and will usually only
contain the first element. ORM state changes made to objects at
this stage will not be recorded for the next flush() operation, so
the activity within a reconstructor should be conservative.
.. seealso::
:ref:`mapping_constructors`
:meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
"""
fn.__sa_reconstructor__ = True
return fn
def validates(*names, **kw):
r"""Decorate a method as a 'validator' for one or more named properties.
Designates a method as a validator, a method which receives the
name of the attribute as well as a value to be assigned, or in the
case of a collection, the value to be added to the collection.
The function can then raise validation exceptions to halt the
process from continuing (where Python's built-in ``ValueError``
and ``AssertionError`` exceptions are reasonable choices), or can
modify or replace the value before proceeding. The function should
otherwise return the given value.
Note that a validator for a collection **cannot** issue a load of that
collection within the validation routine - this usage raises
an assertion to avoid recursion overflows. This is a reentrant
condition which is not supported.
:param \*names: list of attribute names to be validated.
:param include_removes: if True, "remove" events will be
sent as well - the validation function must accept an additional
argument "is_remove" which will be a boolean.
:param include_backrefs: defaults to ``True``; if ``False``, the
validation function will not emit if the originator is an attribute
event related via a backref. This can be used for bi-directional
:func:`.validates` usage where only one validator should emit per
attribute operation.
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0
.. seealso::
:ref:`simple_validators` - usage examples for :func:`.validates`
"""
include_removes = kw.pop("include_removes", False)
include_backrefs = kw.pop("include_backrefs", True)
def wrap(fn):
fn.__sa_validators__ = names
fn.__sa_validation_opts__ = {
"include_removes": include_removes,
"include_backrefs": include_backrefs,
}
return fn
return wrap
def _event_on_load(state, ctx):
instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR]
if instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor:
instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor(state.obj())
def _event_on_first_init(manager, cls):
"""Initial mapper compilation trigger.
instrumentation calls this one when InstanceState
is first generated, and is needed for legacy mutable
attributes to work.
"""
instrumenting_mapper = manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
if instrumenting_mapper:
if Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
def _event_on_init(state, args, kwargs):
"""Run init_instance hooks.
This also includes mapper compilation, normally not needed
here but helps with some piecemeal configuration
scenarios (such as in the ORM tutorial).
"""
instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
if instrumenting_mapper:
if Mapper._new_mappers:
configure_mappers()
if instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity(state)
class _ColumnMapping(dict):
"""Error reporting helper for mapper._columntoproperty."""
__slots__ = ("mapper",)
def __init__(self, mapper):
self.mapper = mapper
def __missing__(self, column):
prop = self.mapper._props.get(column)
if prop:
raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
"Column '%s.%s' is not available, due to "
"conflicting property '%s':%r"
% (column.table.name, column.name, column.key, prop)
)
raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
"No column %s is configured on mapper %s..."
% (column, self.mapper)
)