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# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more # contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with # this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. # The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 # (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with # the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. """ Module for Google Connection and Authentication classes. Information about setting up your Google OAUTH2 credentials: For libcloud, there are two basic methods for authenticating to Google using OAUTH2: Service Accounts and Client IDs for Installed Applications. Both are initially set up from the Cloud Console Console - https://cloud.google.com/console Setting up Service Account authentication (note that you need the cryptography package installed to use this): - Go to the Console - Go to your project and then to "APIs & auth" on the left - Click on "Credentials" - Click on "Create New Client ID..." - Select "Service account" and click on "Create Client ID" - Download the Private Key (should happen automatically). The key you download is in JSON format. - Move the .json file to a safe location. - Optionally, you may choose to Generate a PKCS12 key from the Console. It needs to be converted to the PEM format. Please note, the PKCS12 format is deprecated and may be removed in a future release. - Convert the key using OpenSSL (the default password is 'notasecret'). - Move the .pem file to a safe location. - To Authenticate, you will need to pass the Service Account's "Email address" in as the user_id and the path to the .pem file as the key. Setting up Installed Application authentication: - Go to the Console - Go to your project and then to "APIs & auth" on the left - Click on "Credentials" - Select "Installed application" and "Other" then click on "Create Client ID" - To Authenticate, pass in the "Client ID" as the user_id and the "Client secret" as the key - The first time that you do this, the libcloud will give you a URL to visit. Copy and paste the URL into a browser. - When you go to the URL it will ask you to log in (if you aren't already) and ask you if you want to allow the project access to your account. - Click on Accept and you will be given a code. - Paste that code at the prompt given to you by the Google libcloud connection. - At that point, a token & refresh token will be stored in your home directory and will be used for authentication. Please remember to secure your keys and access tokens. """ from __future__ import with_statement from typing import Optional try: import simplejson as json except ImportError: import json # type: ignore import logging import base64 import errno import time import datetime import os import socket import sys from libcloud.utils.connection import get_response_object from libcloud.utils.py3 import b, httplib, urlencode, urlparse, PY3 from libcloud.common.base import (ConnectionUserAndKey, JsonResponse, PollingConnection) from libcloud.common.base import BaseDriver from libcloud.common.types import (ProviderError, LibcloudError) try: from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes import SHA256 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.padding import PKCS1v15 except ImportError: # The cryptography library is unavailable SHA256 = None # type: ignore UTC_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ' LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__) def _utcnow(): """ Mocked in libcloud.test.common.google.GoogleTestCase. """ return datetime.datetime.utcnow() def _utc_timestamp(datetime_obj): """ Return string of datetime_obj in the UTC Timestamp Format """ return datetime_obj.strftime(UTC_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT) def _from_utc_timestamp(timestamp): """ Return datetime obj where date and time are pulled from timestamp string. """ return datetime.datetime.strptime(timestamp, UTC_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT) def _get_gce_metadata(path='', retry_failed: Optional[bool] = None): try: url = 'http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/' + path.lstrip('/') headers = {'Metadata-Flavor': 'Google'} response = get_response_object(url, headers=headers, retry_failed=retry_failed) return response.status, '', response.body except Exception as e: return -1, str(e), None class GoogleAuthError(LibcloudError): """Generic Error class for various authentication errors.""" def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __repr__(self): return repr(self.value) class GoogleBaseError(ProviderError): def __init__(self, value, http_code, code, driver=None): self.code = code super(GoogleBaseError, self).__init__(value, http_code, driver) class InvalidRequestError(GoogleBaseError): pass class JsonParseError(GoogleBaseError): pass class ResourceNotFoundError(GoogleBaseError): def __init__(self, value, http_code, code, driver=None): self.code = code if isinstance(value, dict) and 'message' in value and \ value['message'].count('/') == 1 and \ value['message'].count('projects/') == 1: value['message'] = value['message'] + ". A missing project " \ "error may be an authentication issue. " \ "Please ensure your auth credentials match " \ "your project. " super(ResourceNotFoundError, self).__init__(value, http_code, driver) class QuotaExceededError(GoogleBaseError): pass class ResourceExistsError(GoogleBaseError): pass class ResourceInUseError(GoogleBaseError): pass class GoogleResponse(JsonResponse): """ Google Base Response class. """ def success(self): """ Determine if the request was successful. For the Google response class, tag all responses as successful and raise appropriate Exceptions from parse_body. :return: C{True} """ return True def _get_error(self, body): """ Get the error code and message from a JSON response. Return just the first error if there are multiple errors. :param body: The body of the JSON response dictionary :type body: ``dict`` :return: Tuple containing error code and message :rtype: ``tuple`` of ``str`` or ``int`` """ if 'errors' in body['error']: err = body['error']['errors'][0] else: err = body['error'] if 'code' in err: code = err.get('code') message = err.get('message') else: code = None if 'reason' in err: code = err.get('reason') message = body.get('error_description', err) return (code, message) def parse_body(self): """ Parse the JSON response body, or raise exceptions as appropriate. :return: JSON dictionary :rtype: ``dict`` """ if len(self.body) == 0 and not self.parse_zero_length_body: return self.body json_error = False try: body = json.loads(self.body) except Exception: # If there is both a JSON parsing error and an unsuccessful http # response (like a 404), we want to raise the http error and not # the JSON one, so don't raise JsonParseError here. body = self.body json_error = True valid_http_codes = [ httplib.OK, httplib.CREATED, httplib.ACCEPTED, httplib.CONFLICT, ] if self.status in valid_http_codes: if json_error: raise JsonParseError(body, self.status, None) elif 'error' in body: (code, message) = self._get_error(body) if code == 'QUOTA_EXCEEDED': raise QuotaExceededError(message, self.status, code) elif code == 'RESOURCE_ALREADY_EXISTS': raise ResourceExistsError(message, self.status, code) elif code == 'alreadyExists': raise ResourceExistsError(message, self.status, code) elif code.startswith('RESOURCE_IN_USE'): raise ResourceInUseError(message, self.status, code) else: raise GoogleBaseError(message, self.status, code) else: return body elif self.status == httplib.NOT_FOUND: if (not json_error) and ('error' in body): (code, message) = self._get_error(body) else: message = body code = None raise ResourceNotFoundError(message, self.status, code) elif self.status == httplib.BAD_REQUEST: if (not json_error) and ('error' in body): (code, message) = self._get_error(body) else: message = body code = None raise InvalidRequestError(message, self.status, code) else: if (not json_error) and ('error' in body): (code, message) = self._get_error(body) else: message = body code = None raise GoogleBaseError(message, self.status, code) class GoogleBaseDriver(BaseDriver): name = "Google API" class GoogleBaseAuthConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey): """ Base class for Google Authentication. Should be subclassed for specific types of authentication. """ driver = GoogleBaseDriver responseCls = GoogleResponse name = 'Google Auth' host = 'accounts.google.com' auth_path = '/o/oauth2/auth' def __init__(self, user_id, key=None, scopes=None, redirect_uri='urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob', login_hint=None, **kwargs): """ :param user_id: The email address (for service accounts) or Client ID (for installed apps) to be used for authentication. :type user_id: ``str`` :param key: The RSA Key (for service accounts) or file path containing key or Client Secret (for installed apps) to be used for authentication. :type key: ``str`` :param scopes: A list of urls defining the scope of authentication to grant. :type scopes: ``list`` :keyword redirect_uri: The Redirect URI for the authentication request. See Google OAUTH2 documentation for more info. :type redirect_uri: ``str`` :keyword login_hint: Login hint for authentication request. Useful for Installed Application authentication. :type login_hint: ``str`` """ scopes = scopes or [] self.scopes = " ".join(scopes) self.redirect_uri = redirect_uri self.login_hint = login_hint super(GoogleBaseAuthConnection, self).__init__(user_id, key, **kwargs) def add_default_headers(self, headers): """ Add defaults for 'Content-Type' and 'Host' headers. """ headers['Content-Type'] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" headers['Host'] = self.host return headers def _token_request(self, request_body): """ Return an updated token from a token request body. :param request_body: A dictionary of values to send in the body of the token request. :type request_body: ``dict`` :return: A dictionary with updated token information :rtype: ``dict`` """ data = urlencode(request_body) try: response = self.request('/o/oauth2/token', method='POST', data=data) except AttributeError: raise GoogleAuthError('Invalid authorization response, please ' 'check your credentials and time drift.') token_info = response.object if 'expires_in' in token_info: expire_time = _utcnow() + datetime.timedelta( seconds=token_info['expires_in']) token_info['expire_time'] = _utc_timestamp(expire_time) return token_info def refresh_token(self, token_info): """ Refresh the current token. Fetch an updated refresh token from internal metadata service. :param token_info: Dictionary containing token information. (Not used, but here for compatibility) :type token_info: ``dict`` :return: A dictionary containing updated token information. :rtype: ``dict`` """ # pylint: disable=no-member return self.get_new_token() class GoogleInstalledAppAuthConnection(GoogleBaseAuthConnection): """Authentication connection for "Installed Application" authentication.""" def get_code(self): """ Give the user a URL that they can visit to authenticate and obtain a code. This method will ask for that code that the user can paste in. Mocked in libcloud.test.common.google.GoogleTestCase. :return: Code supplied by the user after authenticating :rtype: ``str`` """ auth_params = {'response_type': 'code', 'client_id': self.user_id, 'redirect_uri': self.redirect_uri, 'scope': self.scopes, 'state': 'Libcloud Request'} if self.login_hint: auth_params['login_hint'] = self.login_hint data = urlencode(auth_params) url = 'https://%s%s?%s' % (self.host, self.auth_path, data) print('\nPlease Go to the following URL and sign in:') print(url) if PY3: code = input('Enter Code: ') else: code = raw_input('Enter Code: ') # NOQA pylint: disable=undefined-variable return code def get_new_token(self): """ Get a new token. Generally used when no previous token exists or there is no refresh token :return: Dictionary containing token information :rtype: ``dict`` """ # Ask the user for a code code = self.get_code() token_request = {'code': code, 'client_id': self.user_id, 'client_secret': self.key, 'redirect_uri': self.redirect_uri, 'grant_type': 'authorization_code'} return self._token_request(token_request) def refresh_token(self, token_info): """ Use the refresh token supplied in the token info to get a new token. :param token_info: Dictionary containing current token information :type token_info: ``dict`` :return: A dictionary containing updated token information. :rtype: ``dict`` """ if 'refresh_token' not in token_info: return self.get_new_token() refresh_request = {'refresh_token': token_info['refresh_token'], 'client_id': self.user_id, 'client_secret': self.key, 'grant_type': 'refresh_token'} new_token = self._token_request(refresh_request) if 'refresh_token' not in new_token: new_token['refresh_token'] = token_info['refresh_token'] return new_token class GoogleServiceAcctAuthConnection(GoogleBaseAuthConnection): """Authentication class for "Service Account" authentication.""" def __init__(self, user_id, key, *args, **kwargs): """ Check to see if cryptography is available, and convert key file path into a key string if the key is in a file. :param user_id: Email address to be used for Service Account authentication. :type user_id: ``str`` :param key: The RSA Key or path to file containing the key. :type key: ``str`` """ if SHA256 is None: raise GoogleAuthError('cryptography library required for ' 'Service Account Authentication.') # Check to see if 'key' is a file and read the file if it is. if key.find("PRIVATE KEY---") == -1: # key is a file keypath = os.path.expanduser(key) is_file_path = os.path.exists(keypath) and os.path.isfile(keypath) if not is_file_path: raise ValueError("Missing (or not readable) key " "file: '%s'" % key) with open(keypath, 'r') as f: contents = f.read() try: key = json.loads(contents) key = key['private_key'] except ValueError: key = contents super(GoogleServiceAcctAuthConnection, self).__init__( user_id, key, *args, **kwargs) def get_new_token(self): """ Get a new token using the email address and RSA Key. :return: Dictionary containing token information :rtype: ``dict`` """ # The header is always the same header = {'alg': 'RS256', 'typ': 'JWT'} header_enc = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b(json.dumps(header))) # Construct a claim set claim_set = {'iss': self.user_id, 'scope': self.scopes, 'aud': 'https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token', 'exp': int(time.time()) + 3600, 'iat': int(time.time())} claim_set_enc = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b(json.dumps(claim_set))) # The message contains both the header and claim set message = b'.'.join((header_enc, claim_set_enc)) # Then the message is signed using the key supplied key = serialization.load_pem_private_key( b(self.key), password=None, backend=default_backend() ) signature = key.sign( data=b(message), padding=PKCS1v15(), algorithm=SHA256() ) signature = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(signature) # Finally the message and signature are sent to get a token jwt = b'.'.join((message, signature)) request = {'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer', 'assertion': jwt} return self._token_request(request) class GoogleGCEServiceAcctAuthConnection(GoogleBaseAuthConnection): """Authentication class for self-authentication when used with a GCE instance that supports serviceAccounts. """ def get_new_token(self): """ Get a new token from the internal metadata service. :return: Dictionary containing token information :rtype: ``dict`` """ path = '/instance/service-accounts/default/token' http_code, http_reason, token_info = _get_gce_metadata(path) if http_code == httplib.NOT_FOUND: raise ValueError("Service Accounts are not enabled for this " "GCE instance.") if http_code != httplib.OK: raise ValueError("Internal GCE Authorization failed: " "'%s'" % str(http_reason)) token_info = json.loads(token_info) if 'expires_in' in token_info: expire_time = _utcnow() + datetime.timedelta( seconds=token_info['expires_in']) token_info['expire_time'] = _utc_timestamp(expire_time) return token_info class GoogleAuthType(object): """ SA (Service Account), IA (Installed Application), GCE (Auth from a GCE instance with service account enabled) GCS_S3 (Cloud Storage S3 interoperability authentication) """ SA = 'SA' IA = 'IA' GCE = 'GCE' GCS_S3 = 'GCS_S3' ALL_TYPES = [SA, IA, GCE, GCS_S3] OAUTH2_TYPES = [SA, IA, GCE] @classmethod def guess_type(cls, user_id): if cls._is_sa(user_id): return cls.SA elif cls._is_gcs_s3(user_id): return cls.GCS_S3 elif cls._is_installed_application(user_id): # NOTE: This should be before "_is_gce()" call so we avoid # querying GCE metadata service if that's not necessary return cls.IA elif cls._is_gce(): return cls.GCE else: # TODO: It's probably safe to throw here, but we return cls.IA # for backward compatibility reasons return cls.IA @classmethod def is_oauth2(cls, auth_type): return auth_type in cls.OAUTH2_TYPES @staticmethod def _is_installed_application(user_id): return user_id.endswith('apps.googleusercontent.com') @staticmethod def _is_gce(): """ Checks if we can access the GCE metadata server. Mocked in libcloud.test.common.google.GoogleTestCase. """ # When using oAuth credentials we check for metadata server first, so # if server is unavailable and we retry many times before timing out, # this will slow down the driver instantiation when retrying failed # requests is enabled globally. http_code, http_reason, body = _get_gce_metadata(retry_failed=False) if http_code == httplib.OK and body: return True return False @staticmethod def _is_gcs_s3(user_id): """ Checks S3 key format: alphanumeric chars starting with GOOG. """ return user_id.startswith('GOOG') @staticmethod def _is_sa(user_id): return user_id.endswith('.gserviceaccount.com') class GoogleOAuth2Credential(object): default_credential_file = '~/.google_libcloud_auth' def __init__(self, user_id, key, auth_type=None, credential_file=None, scopes=None, **kwargs): self.auth_type = auth_type or GoogleAuthType.guess_type(user_id) if self.auth_type not in GoogleAuthType.ALL_TYPES: raise GoogleAuthError('Invalid auth type: %s' % self.auth_type) if not GoogleAuthType.is_oauth2(self.auth_type): raise GoogleAuthError(('Auth type %s cannot be used with OAuth2' % self.auth_type)) self.user_id = user_id self.key = key default_credential_file = '.'.join([self.default_credential_file, user_id]) self.credential_file = credential_file or default_credential_file # Default scopes to read/write for compute, storage, and dns. self.scopes = scopes or [ 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/compute', 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.full_control', 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/ndev.clouddns.readwrite', ] self.token = self._get_token_from_file() if self.auth_type == GoogleAuthType.GCE: self.oauth2_conn = GoogleGCEServiceAcctAuthConnection( self.user_id, self.scopes, **kwargs) elif self.auth_type == GoogleAuthType.SA: self.oauth2_conn = GoogleServiceAcctAuthConnection( self.user_id, self.key, self.scopes, **kwargs) elif self.auth_type == GoogleAuthType.IA: self.oauth2_conn = GoogleInstalledAppAuthConnection( self.user_id, self.key, self.scopes, **kwargs) else: raise GoogleAuthError('Invalid auth_type: %s' % str(self.auth_type)) if self.token is None: self.token = self.oauth2_conn.get_new_token() self._write_token_to_file() @property def access_token(self): if self.token_expire_utc_datetime < _utcnow(): self._refresh_token() return self.token['access_token'] @property def token_expire_utc_datetime(self): return _from_utc_timestamp(self.token['expire_time']) def _refresh_token(self): self.token = self.oauth2_conn.refresh_token(self.token) self._write_token_to_file() def _get_token_from_file(self): """ Read credential file and return token information. Mocked in libcloud.test.common.google.GoogleTestCase. :return: Token information dictionary, or None :rtype: ``dict`` or ``None`` """ token = None filename = os.path.realpath(os.path.expanduser(self.credential_file)) try: with open(filename, 'r') as f: data = f.read() token = json.loads(data) except (IOError, ValueError) as e: # Note: File related errors (IOError) and errors related to json # parsing of the data (ValueError) are not fatal. LOG.info('Failed to read cached auth token from file "%s": %s', filename, str(e)) return token def _write_token_to_file(self): """ Write token to credential file. Mocked in libcloud.test.common.google.GoogleTestCase. """ filename = os.path.expanduser(self.credential_file) filename = os.path.realpath(filename) try: data = json.dumps(self.token) write_flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC with os.fdopen(os.open(filename, write_flags, int('600', 8)), 'w') as f: f.write(data) except Exception as e: # Note: Failure to write (cache) token in a file is not fatal. It # simply means degraded performance since we will need to acquire a # new token each time script runs. LOG.info('Failed to write auth token to file "%s": %s', filename, str(e)) class GoogleBaseConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey, PollingConnection): """Base connection class for interacting with Google APIs.""" driver = GoogleBaseDriver responseCls = GoogleResponse host = 'www.googleapis.com' poll_interval = 2.0 timeout = 180 def __init__(self, user_id, key=None, auth_type=None, credential_file=None, scopes=None, **kwargs): """ Determine authentication type, set up appropriate authentication connection and get initial authentication information. :param user_id: The email address (for service accounts) or Client ID (for installed apps) to be used for authentication. :type user_id: ``str`` :param key: The RSA Key (for service accounts) or file path containing key or Client Secret (for installed apps) to be used for authentication. :type key: ``str`` :keyword auth_type: See GoogleAuthType class for list and description of accepted values. If not supplied, auth_type will be guessed based on value of user_id or if the code is running on a GCE instance. :type auth_type: ``str`` :keyword credential_file: Path to file for caching authentication information. :type credential_file: ``str`` :keyword scopes: List of OAuth2 scope URLs. The empty default sets read/write access to Compute, Storage, and DNS. :type scopes: ``list`` """ super(GoogleBaseConnection, self).__init__(user_id, key, **kwargs) self.oauth2_credential = GoogleOAuth2Credential( user_id, key, auth_type, credential_file, scopes, **kwargs) python_ver = '%s.%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1], sys.version_info[2]) ver_platform = 'Python %s/%s' % (python_ver, sys.platform) self.user_agent_append(ver_platform) def add_default_headers(self, headers): """ @inherits: :class:`Connection.add_default_headers` """ headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json' headers['Host'] = self.host return headers def pre_connect_hook(self, params, headers): """ Check to make sure that token hasn't expired. If it has, get an updated token. Also, add the token to the headers. @inherits: :class:`Connection.pre_connect_hook` """ headers['Authorization'] = ('Bearer ' + self.oauth2_credential.access_token) return params, headers def encode_data(self, data): """Encode data to JSON""" return json.dumps(data) def request(self, *args, **kwargs): """ @inherits: :class:`Connection.request` """ # Adds some retry logic for the occasional # "Connection Reset by peer" error. retries = 4 tries = 0 while tries < (retries - 1): try: return super(GoogleBaseConnection, self).request( *args, **kwargs) except socket.error as e: if e.errno == errno.ECONNRESET: tries = tries + 1 else: raise e # One more time, then give up. return super(GoogleBaseConnection, self).request(*args, **kwargs) def has_completed(self, response): """ Determine if operation has completed based on response. :param response: JSON response :type response: I{responseCls} :return: True if complete, False otherwise :rtype: ``bool`` """ if response.object['status'] == 'DONE': return True else: return False def get_poll_request_kwargs(self, response, context, request_kwargs): """ @inherits: :class:`PollingConnection.get_poll_request_kwargs` """ return {'action': response.object['selfLink']} def morph_action_hook(self, action): """ Update action to correct request path. In many places, the Google API returns a full URL to a resource. This will strip the scheme and host off of the path and just return the request. Otherwise, it will prepend the base request_path to the action. :param action: The action to be called in the http request :type action: ``str`` :return: The modified request based on the action :rtype: ``str`` """ if action.startswith('https://'): u = urlparse.urlsplit(action) request = urlparse.urlunsplit(('', '', u[2], u[3], u[4])) else: request = self.request_path + action return request