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#
# turtle.py: a Tkinter based turtle graphics module for Python
# Version 1.1b - 4. 5. 2009
#
# Copyright (C) 2006 - 2010 Gregor Lingl
# email: glingl@aon.at
#
# This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
# warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
# arising from the use of this software.
#
# Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
# including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
# freely, subject to the following restrictions:
#
# 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
# claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
# in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
# appreciated but is not required.
# 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
# misrepresented as being the original software.
# 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
"""
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to
kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed
by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it
the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in
the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the
command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and
pictures can easily be drawn.
----- turtle.py
This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the
Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: http://www.python.org)
It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100%
compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the
learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods
interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with
the -n switch.
Roughly it has the following features added:
- Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the
turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback
instrument by the (beginning) programmer.
- Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined
and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound
(multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stretched and tilted, which
makes turtles very versatile geometrical objects.
- Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(),
and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods.
- Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc.,
following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of
typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way
when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with
turtle graphics.
- Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer.
- Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs
(mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games.
- A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be
extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s).
- A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or
background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the
TurtleScreen.
- There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined
coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen.
- The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple.
This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer,
which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact.
- Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be
configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file.
The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module.
- If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring
dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces
the English ones by those read in. There is a utility function
write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (English)
docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations.
Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible
extensions in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere.
"""
_ver = "turtle 1.1b- - for Python 3.1 - 4. 5. 2009"
# print(_ver)
import tkinter as TK
import types
import math
import time
import inspect
import sys
from os.path import isfile, split, join
from copy import deepcopy
from tkinter import simpledialog
_tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen',
'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D']
_tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye',
'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas',
'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput',
'onkey', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer',
'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup',
'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update',
'window_height', 'window_width']
_tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk',
'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color',
'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd',
'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', 'get_shapepoly',
'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown',
'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd',
'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position',
'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt',
'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle',
'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle',
'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards',
'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width',
'write', 'xcor', 'ycor']
_tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done']
__all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions +
_tg_utilities + ['Terminator']) # + _math_functions)
_alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos',
'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st',
'turtlesize', 'up', 'width']
_CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen
"height" : 0.75,
"canvwidth" : 400,
"canvheight": 300,
"leftright": None,
"topbottom": None,
"mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen
"colormode": 1.0,
"delay": 10,
"undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle
"shape": "classic",
"pencolor" : "black",
"fillcolor" : "black",
"resizemode" : "noresize",
"visible" : True,
"language": "english", # docstrings
"exampleturtle": "turtle",
"examplescreen": "screen",
"title": "Python Turtle Graphics",
"using_IDLE": False
}
def config_dict(filename):
"""Convert content of config-file into dictionary."""
with open(filename, "r") as f:
cfglines = f.readlines()
cfgdict = {}
for line in cfglines:
line = line.strip()
if not line or line.startswith("#"):
continue
try:
key, value = line.split("=")
except ValueError:
print("Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line))
continue
key = key.strip()
value = value.strip()
if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']:
value = eval(value)
else:
try:
if "." in value:
value = float(value)
else:
value = int(value)
except ValueError:
pass # value need not be converted
cfgdict[key] = value
return cfgdict
def readconfig(cfgdict):
"""Read config-files, change configuration-dict accordingly.
If there is a turtle.cfg file in the current working directory,
read it from there. If this contains an importconfig-value,
say 'myway', construct filename turtle_mayway.cfg else use
turtle.cfg and read it from the import-directory, where
turtle.py is located.
Update configuration dictionary first according to config-file,
in the import directory, then according to config-file in the
current working directory.
If no config-file is found, the default configuration is used.
"""
default_cfg = "turtle.cfg"
cfgdict1 = {}
cfgdict2 = {}
if isfile(default_cfg):
cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg)
if "importconfig" in cfgdict1:
default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"]
try:
head, tail = split(__file__)
cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg)
except Exception:
cfg_file2 = ""
if isfile(cfg_file2):
cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2)
_CFG.update(cfgdict2)
_CFG.update(cfgdict1)
try:
readconfig(_CFG)
except Exception:
print ("No configfile read, reason unknown")
class Vec2D(tuple):
"""A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class
for implementing turtle graphics.
May be useful for turtle graphics programs also.
Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!
Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):
a+b vector addition
a-b vector subtraction
a*b inner product
k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar
|a| absolute value of a
a.rotate(angle) rotation
"""
def __new__(cls, x, y):
return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y))
def __add__(self, other):
return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1])
def __mul__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Vec2D):
return self[0]*other[0]+self[1]*other[1]
return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)
def __rmul__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float):
return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)
def __sub__(self, other):
return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1])
def __neg__(self):
return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1])
def __abs__(self):
return (self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5
def rotate(self, angle):
"""rotate self counterclockwise by angle
"""
perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0])
angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0
c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle)
return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s)
def __getnewargs__(self):
return (self[0], self[1])
def __repr__(self):
return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self
##############################################################################
### From here up to line : Tkinter - Interface for turtle.py ###
### May be replaced by an interface to some different graphics toolkit ###
##############################################################################
## helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, to forward Canvas-methods
## to ScrolledCanvas class
def __methodDict(cls, _dict):
"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
baseList = list(cls.__bases__)
baseList.reverse()
for _super in baseList:
__methodDict(_super, _dict)
for key, value in cls.__dict__.items():
if type(value) == types.FunctionType:
_dict[key] = value
def __methods(cls):
"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""
_dict = {}
__methodDict(cls, _dict)
return _dict.keys()
__stringBody = (
'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' +
'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)')
def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()):
### MANY CHANGES ###
_dict_1 = {}
__methodDict(toClass, _dict_1)
_dict = {}
mfc = __methods(fromClass)
for ex in _dict_1.keys():
if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_' or ex in exclude or ex in mfc:
pass
else:
_dict[ex] = _dict_1[ex]
for method, func in _dict.items():
d = {'method': method, 'func': func}
if isinstance(toPart, str):
execString = \
__stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart}
exec(execString, d)
setattr(fromClass, method, d[method]) ### NEWU!
class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame):
"""Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book.
Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when
using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class.
"""
def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350,
canvwidth=600, canvheight=500):
TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height)
self._rootwindow = self.winfo_toplevel()
self.width, self.height = width, height
self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight
self.bg = "white"
self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height,
bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2)
self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview,
orient=TK.HORIZONTAL)
self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview)
self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set,
yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set)
self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)
self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.reset()
self._rootwindow.bind('<Configure>', self.onResize)
def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None):
"""Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size."""
if canvwidth:
self.canvwidth = canvwidth
if canvheight:
self.canvheight = canvheight
if bg:
self.bg = bg
self._canvas.config(bg=bg,
scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2))
self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) /
self.canvwidth)
self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) /
self.canvheight)
self.adjustScrolls()
def adjustScrolls(self):
""" Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size.
"""
cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width()
cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height()
self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth)
self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight)
if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight:
self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,
column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,
column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')
else:
self.hscroll.grid_forget()
self.vscroll.grid_forget()
def onResize(self, event):
"""self-explanatory"""
self.adjustScrolls()
def bbox(self, *args):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
return self._canvas.bbox(*args)
def cget(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
return self._canvas.cget(*args, **kwargs)
def config(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.config(*args, **kwargs)
def bind(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.bind(*args, **kwargs)
def unbind(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.unbind(*args, **kwargs)
def focus_force(self):
""" 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
"""
self._canvas.focus_force()
__forwardmethods(ScrolledCanvas, TK.Canvas, '_canvas')
class _Root(TK.Tk):
"""Root class for Screen based on Tkinter."""
def __init__(self):
TK.Tk.__init__(self)
def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight):
self._canvas = ScrolledCanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight)
self._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
def _getcanvas(self):
return self._canvas
def set_geometry(self, width, height, startx, starty):
self.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d"%(width, height, startx, starty))
def ondestroy(self, destroy):
self.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", destroy)
def win_width(self):
return self.winfo_screenwidth()
def win_height(self):
return self.winfo_screenheight()
Canvas = TK.Canvas
class TurtleScreenBase(object):
"""Provide the basic graphics functionality.
Interface between Tkinter and turtle.py.
To port turtle.py to some different graphics toolkit
a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented.
"""
@staticmethod
def _blankimage():
"""return a blank image object
"""
img = TK.PhotoImage(width=1, height=1)
img.blank()
return img
@staticmethod
def _image(filename):
"""return an image object containing the
imagedata from a gif-file named filename.
"""
return TK.PhotoImage(file=filename)
def __init__(self, cv):
self.cv = cv
if isinstance(cv, ScrolledCanvas):
w = self.cv.canvwidth
h = self.cv.canvheight
else: # expected: ordinary TK.Canvas
w = int(self.cv.cget("width"))
h = int(self.cv.cget("height"))
self.cv.config(scrollregion = (-w//2, -h//2, w//2, h//2 ))
self.canvwidth = w
self.canvheight = h
self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
def _createpoly(self):
"""Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv)
"""
return self.cv.create_polygon((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), fill="", outline="")
def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None,
outline=None, width=None, top=False):
"""Configure polygonitem polyitem according to provided
arguments:
coordlist is sequence of coordinates
fill is filling color
outline is outline color
top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem
will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it
will not be covered by other items.
"""
cl = []
for x, y in coordlist:
cl.append(x * self.xscale)
cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
self.cv.coords(polyitem, *cl)
if fill is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, fill=fill)
if outline is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, outline=outline)
if width is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, width=width)
if top:
self.cv.tag_raise(polyitem)
def _createline(self):
"""Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv)
"""
return self.cv.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill="", width=2,
capstyle = TK.ROUND)
def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None,
fill=None, width=None, top=False):
"""Configure lineitem according to provided arguments:
coordlist is sequence of coordinates
fill is drawing color
width is width of drawn line.
top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem
will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it
will not be covered by other items.
"""
if coordlist is not None:
cl = []
for x, y in coordlist:
cl.append(x * self.xscale)
cl.append(-y * self.yscale)
self.cv.coords(lineitem, *cl)
if fill is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, fill=fill)
if width is not None:
self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, width=width)
if top:
self.cv.tag_raise(lineitem)
def _delete(self, item):
"""Delete graphics item from canvas.
If item is"all" delete all graphics items.
"""
self.cv.delete(item)
def _update(self):
"""Redraw graphics items on canvas
"""
self.cv.update()
def _delay(self, delay):
"""Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms."""
self.cv.after(delay)
def _iscolorstring(self, color):
"""Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string.
"""
try:
rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color)
ok = True
except TK.TclError:
ok = False
return ok
def _bgcolor(self, color=None):
"""Set canvas' backgroundcolor if color is not None,
else return backgroundcolor."""
if color is not None:
self.cv.config(bg = color)
self._update()
else:
return self.cv.cget("bg")
def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor):
"""Write txt at pos in canvas with specified font
and color.
Return text item and x-coord of right bottom corner
of text's bounding box."""
x, y = pos
x = x * self.xscale
y = y * self.yscale
anchor = {"left":"sw", "center":"s", "right":"se" }
item = self.cv.create_text(x-1, -y, text = txt, anchor = anchor[align],
fill = pencolor, font = font)
x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.cv.bbox(item)
self.cv.update()
return item, x1-1
## def _dot(self, pos, size, color):
## """may be implemented for some other graphics toolkit"""
def _onclick(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on turtle.
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
of the clicked point on the canvas.
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
def _onrelease(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on turtle.
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
of the point on the canvas where mouse button is released.
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed,
then _onscreensclick-event.
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num,
eventfun, add)
def _ondrag(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle.
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
actual mouse position on the canvas.
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
try:
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
except Exception:
pass
self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num, eventfun, add)
def _onscreenclick(self, fun, num=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates
of the clicked point on the canvas.
num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed,
then _onscreensclick-event.
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.unbind("<Button-%s>" % num)
else:
def eventfun(event):
x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale,
-self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale)
fun(x, y)
self.cv.bind("<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add)
def _onkeyrelease(self, fun, key):
"""Bind fun to key-release event of key.
Canvas must have focus. See method listen
"""
if fun is None:
self.cv.unbind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, None)
else:
def eventfun(event):
fun()
self.cv.bind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, eventfun)
def _onkeypress(self, fun, key=None):
"""If key is given, bind fun to key-press event of key.
Otherwise bind fun to any key-press.
Canvas must have focus. See method listen.
"""
if fun is None:
if key is None:
self.cv.unbind("<KeyPress>", None)
else:
self.cv.unbind("<KeyPress-%s>" % key, None)
else:
def eventfun(event):
fun()
if key is None:
self.cv.bind("<KeyPress>", eventfun)
else:
self.cv.bind("<KeyPress-%s>" % key, eventfun)
def _listen(self):
"""Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events)
"""
self.cv.focus_force()
def _ontimer(self, fun, t):
"""Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
"""
if t == 0:
self.cv.after_idle(fun)
else:
self.cv.after(t, fun)
def _createimage(self, image):
"""Create and return image item on canvas.
"""
return self.cv.create_image(0, 0, image=image)
def _drawimage(self, item, pos, image):
"""Configure image item as to draw image object
at position (x,y) on canvas)
"""
x, y = pos
self.cv.coords(item, (x * self.xscale, -y * self.yscale))
self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
def _setbgpic(self, item, image):
"""Configure image item as to draw image object
at center of canvas. Set item to the first item
in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below
any other item ."""
self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image)
self.cv.tag_lower(item)
def _type(self, item):
"""Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on
type of item.
"""
return self.cv.type(item)
def _pointlist(self, item):
"""returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item
Example (for insiders):
>>> from turtle import *
>>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item)
[(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982),
(9.9999999999999982, 0.0)]
>>> """
cl = self.cv.coords(item)
pl = [(cl[i], -cl[i+1]) for i in range(0, len(cl), 2)]
return pl
def _setscrollregion(self, srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2):
self.cv.config(scrollregion=(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2))
def _rescale(self, xscalefactor, yscalefactor):
items = self.cv.find_all()
for item in items:
coordinates = list(self.cv.coords(item))
newcoordlist = []
while coordinates:
x, y = coordinates[:2]
newcoordlist.append(x * xscalefactor)
newcoordlist.append(y * yscalefactor)
coordinates = coordinates[2:]
self.cv.coords(item, *newcoordlist)
def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
"""Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does
not alter the drawing window.
"""
# needs amendment
if not isinstance(self.cv, ScrolledCanvas):
return self.canvwidth, self.canvheight
if canvwidth is canvheight is bg is None:
return self.cv.canvwidth, self.cv.canvheight
if canvwidth is not None:
self.canvwidth = canvwidth
if canvheight is not None:
self.canvheight = canvheight
self.cv.reset(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
def _window_size(self):
""" Return the width and height of the turtle window.
"""
width = self.cv.winfo_width()
if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
width = self.cv['width']
height = self.cv.winfo_height()
if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
height = self.cv['height']
return width, height
def mainloop(self):
"""Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function.
No argument.
Must be last statement in a turtle graphics program.
Must NOT be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode
(No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.mainloop()
"""
TK.mainloop()
def textinput(self, title, prompt):
"""Pop up a dialog window for input of a string.
Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window,
prompt is a text mostly describing what information to input.
Return the string input
If the dialog is canceled, return None.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:")
"""
return simpledialog.askstring(title, prompt)
def numinput(self, title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None):
"""Pop up a dialog window for input of a number.
Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window,
prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input.
default: default value
minval: minimum value for imput
maxval: maximum value for input
The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are
given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for
correction. Return the number input.
If the dialog is canceled, return None.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000)
"""
return simpledialog.askfloat(title, prompt, initialvalue=default,
minvalue=minval, maxvalue=maxval)
##############################################################################
### End of Tkinter - interface ###
##############################################################################
class Terminator (Exception):
"""Will be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False.
This stops execution of a turtle graphics script.
Main purpose: use in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py.
"""
pass
class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception):
"""Some TurtleGraphics Error
"""
class Shape(object):
"""Data structure modeling shapes.
attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound"
attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple,
an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method.
"""
def __init__(self, type_, data=None):
self._type = type_
if type_ == "polygon":
if isinstance(data, list):
data = tuple(data)
elif type_ == "image":
if isinstance(data, str):
if data.lower().endswith(".gif") and isfile(data):
data = TurtleScreen._image(data)
# else data assumed to be Photoimage
elif type_ == "compound":
data = []
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_)
self._data = data
def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None):
"""Add component to a shape of type compound.
Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs.
fill is the fillcolor of the component,
outline is the outline color of the component.
call (for a Shapeobject namend s):
-- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue")
Example:
>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
>>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape()
"""
if self._type != "compound":
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape"
% self._type)
if outline is None:
outline = fill
self._data.append([poly, fill, outline])
class Tbuffer(object):
"""Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects."""
def __init__(self, bufsize=10):
self.bufsize = bufsize
self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize
self.ptr = -1
self.cumulate = False
def reset(self, bufsize=None):
if bufsize is None:
for i in range(self.bufsize):
self.buffer[i] = [None]
else:
self.bufsize = bufsize
self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize
self.ptr = -1
def push(self, item):
if self.bufsize > 0:
if not self.cumulate:
self.ptr = (self.ptr + 1) % self.bufsize
self.buffer[self.ptr] = item
else:
self.buffer[self.ptr].append(item)
def pop(self):
if self.bufsize > 0:
item = self.buffer[self.ptr]
if item is None:
return None
else:
self.buffer[self.ptr] = [None]
self.ptr = (self.ptr - 1) % self.bufsize
return (item)
def nr_of_items(self):
return self.bufsize - self.buffer.count([None])
def __repr__(self):
return str(self.buffer) + " " + str(self.ptr)
class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase):
"""Provides screen oriented methods like setbg etc.
Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT
upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit -
which is Tkinter in this case.
"""
_RUNNING = True
def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"],
colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]):
self._shapes = {
"arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))),
"turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7),
(-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6),
(-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6),
(5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10),
(2,14))),
"circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88),
(5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51),
(-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0),
(-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09),
(-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51),
(5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))),
"square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10),
(-10,-10))),
"triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55),
(-10,-5.77))),
"classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))),
"blank" : Shape("image", self._blankimage())
}
self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""}
TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv)
self._mode = mode
self._delayvalue = delay
self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
self._keys = []
self.clear()
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
# Force Turtle window to the front on OS X. This is needed because
# the Turtle window will show behind the Terminal window when you
# start the demo from the command line.
rootwindow = cv.winfo_toplevel()
rootwindow.call('wm', 'attributes', '.', '-topmost', '1')
rootwindow.call('wm', 'attributes', '.', '-topmost', '0')
def clear(self):
"""Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen.
No argument.
Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background,
no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.clear()
Note: this method is not available as function.
"""
self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"]
self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"]
self._delete("all")
self._bgpic = self._createimage("")
self._bgpicname = "nopic"
self._tracing = 1
self._updatecounter = 0
self._turtles = []
self.bgcolor("white")
for btn in 1, 2, 3:
self.onclick(None, btn)
self.onkeypress(None)
for key in self._keys[:]:
self.onkey(None, key)
self.onkeypress(None, key)
Turtle._pen = None
def mode(self, mode=None):
"""Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset.
Optional argument:
mode -- one of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world'
Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py.
Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics.
Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in
this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1.
If mode is not given, return the current mode.
Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles
------------|-------------------------|-------------------
'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise
'logo' upward (north) clockwise
Examples:
>>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north
>>> mode()
'logo'
"""
if mode is None:
return self._mode
mode = mode.lower()
if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode)
self._mode = mode
if mode in ["standard", "logo"]:
self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,
self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2)
self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0
self.reset()
def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury):
"""Set up a user defined coordinate-system.
Arguments:
llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary.
This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active,
all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear
distorted. (see Screen.mode())
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5)
>>> for _ in range(36):
... left(10)
... forward(0.5)
"""
if self.mode() != "world":
self.mode("world")
xspan = float(urx - llx)
yspan = float(ury - lly)
wx, wy = self._window_size()
self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20)
oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale
self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan
self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan
srx1 = llx * self.xscale
sry1 = -ury * self.yscale
srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1
sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1
self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2)
self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale)
self.update()
def register_shape(self, name, shape=None):
"""Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist.
Arguments:
(1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None.
Installs the corresponding image shape.
!! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle,
!! so they do not display the heading of the turtle!
(2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple
of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding
polygon shape
(3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a
(compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding
compound shape.
To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename).
call: register_shape("turtle.gif")
--or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)))
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3)))
"""
if shape is None:
# image
if name.lower().endswith(".gif"):
shape = Shape("image", self._image(name))
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad arguments for register_shape.\n"
+ "Use help(register_shape)" )
elif isinstance(shape, tuple):
shape = Shape("polygon", shape)
## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance
self._shapes[name] = shape
def _colorstr(self, color):
"""Return color string corresponding to args.
Argument may be a string or a tuple of three
numbers corresponding to actual colormode,
i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode.
If the argument doesn't represent a color,
an error is raised.
"""
if len(color) == 1:
color = color[0]
if isinstance(color, str):
if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "":
return color
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color))
try:
r, g, b = color
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color))
if self._colormode == 1.0:
r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)]
if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color))
return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
def _color(self, cstr):
if not cstr.startswith("#"):
return cstr
if len(cstr) == 7:
cl = [int(cstr[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)]
elif len(cstr) == 4:
cl = [16*int(cstr[h], 16) for h in cstr[1:]]
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr)
return tuple([c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl])
def colormode(self, cmode=None):
"""Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255.
Optional argument:
cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255
r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.colormode()
1.0
>>> screen.colormode(255)
>>> pencolor(240,160,80)
"""
if cmode is None:
return self._colormode
if cmode == 1.0:
self._colormode = float(cmode)
elif cmode == 255:
self._colormode = int(cmode)
def reset(self):
"""Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.reset()
"""
for turtle in self._turtles:
turtle._setmode(self._mode)
turtle.reset()
def turtles(self):
"""Return the list of turtles on the screen.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>]
"""
return self._turtles
def bgcolor(self, *args):
"""Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'#800080'
"""
if args:
color = self._colorstr(args)
else:
color = None
color = self._bgcolor(color)
if color is not None:
color = self._color(color)
return color
def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None):
"""Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... fd(dist)
... rt(90)
... dist += 2
"""
if n is None:
return self._tracing
self._tracing = int(n)
self._updatecounter = 0
if delay is not None:
self._delayvalue = int(delay)
if self._tracing:
self.update()
def delay(self, delay=None):
""" Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds.
Optional argument:
delay -- positive integer
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.delay(15)
>>> screen.delay()
15
"""
if delay is None:
return self._delayvalue
self._delayvalue = int(delay)
def _incrementudc(self):
"""Increment update counter."""
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
if self._tracing > 0:
self._updatecounter += 1
self._updatecounter %= self._tracing
def update(self):
"""Perform a TurtleScreen update.
"""
tracing = self._tracing
self._tracing = True
for t in self.turtles():
t._update_data()
t._drawturtle()
self._tracing = tracing
self._update()
def window_width(self):
""" Return the width of the turtle window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
"""
return self._window_size()[0]
def window_height(self):
""" Return the height of the turtle window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
"""
return self._window_size()[1]
def getcanvas(self):
"""Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen.
No argument.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
>>> cv
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8>
"""
return self.cv
def getshapes(self):
"""Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.getshapes()
['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle']
"""
return sorted(self._shapes.keys())
def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
clicked point on the canvas.
num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen)
>>> screen.onclick(goto)
>>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
>>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> screen.onclick(None)
"""
self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add)
def onkey(self, fun, key):
"""Bind fun to key-release event of key.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments
key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method listen.)
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing
the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon
"""
if fun is None:
if key in self._keys:
self._keys.remove(key)
elif key not in self._keys:
self._keys.append(key)
self._onkeyrelease(fun, key)
def onkeypress(self, fun, key=None):
"""Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given,
or to any key-press-event if no key is given.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments
key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method listen.)
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen
and a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkeypress(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing
the up-arrow key, or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key.
consequently drawing a hexagon.
"""
if fun is None:
if key in self._keys:
self._keys.remove(key)
elif key is not None and key not in self._keys:
self._keys.append(key)
self._onkeypress(fun, key)
def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None):
"""Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events)
No arguments.
Dummy arguments are provided in order
to be able to pass listen to the onclick method.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.listen()
"""
self._listen()
def ontimer(self, fun, t=0):
"""Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments.
t -- a number >= 0
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> running = True
>>> def f():
... if running:
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
... screen.ontimer(f, 250)
...
>>> f() # makes the turtle marching around
>>> running = False
"""
self._ontimer(fun, t)
def bgpic(self, picname=None):
"""Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage.
Optional argument:
picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic".
If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background.
If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present.
If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bgpic()
'nopic'
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
>>> screen.bgpic()
'landscape.gif'
"""
if picname is None:
return self._bgpicname
if picname not in self._bgpics:
self._bgpics[picname] = self._image(picname)
self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics[picname])
self._bgpicname = picname
def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None):
"""Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on.
Optional arguments:
canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels
canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels
bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight)
Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of
the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts
of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500)
>>> # e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
"""
return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg)
onscreenclick = onclick
resetscreen = reset
clearscreen = clear
addshape = register_shape
onkeyrelease = onkey
class TNavigator(object):
"""Navigation part of the RawTurtle.
Implements methods for turtle movement.
"""
START_ORIENTATION = {
"standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
"world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0),
"logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0) }
DEFAULT_MODE = "standard"
DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE):
self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET
self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT
self._mode = mode
self.undobuffer = None
self.degrees()
self._mode = None
self._setmode(mode)
TNavigator.reset(self)
def reset(self):
"""reset turtle to its initial values
Will be overwritten by parent class
"""
self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0)
self._orient = TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION[self._mode]
def _setmode(self, mode=None):
"""Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'.
"""
if mode is None:
return self._mode
if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]:
return
self._mode = mode
if mode in ["standard", "world"]:
self._angleOffset = 0
self._angleOrient = 1
else: # mode == "logo":
self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4.
self._angleOrient = -1
def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle):
"""Helper function for degrees() and radians()"""
self._fullcircle = fullcircle
self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle
if self._mode == "standard":
self._angleOffset = 0
else:
self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4.
def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0):
""" Set angle measurement units to degrees.
Optional argument:
fullcircle - a number
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is
360 degrees.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100
"""
self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle)
def radians(self):
""" Set the angle measurement units to radians.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
90
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
"""
self._setDegreesPerAU(2*math.pi)
def _go(self, distance):
"""move turtle forward by specified distance"""
ende = self._position + self._orient * distance
self._goto(ende)
def _rotate(self, angle):
"""Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0."""
angle *= self._degreesPerAU
self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
def _goto(self, end):
"""move turtle to position end."""
self._position = end
def forward(self, distance):
"""Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
"""
self._go(distance)
def back(self, distance):
"""Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
"""
self._go(-distance)
def right(self, angle):
"""Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
"""
self._rotate(-angle)
def left(self, angle):
"""Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
"""
self._rotate(angle)
def pos(self):
"""Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
"""
return self._position
def xcor(self):
""" Return the turtle's x coordinate.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
50.0
"""
return self._position[0]
def ycor(self):
""" Return the turtle's y coordinate
---
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784
"""
return self._position[1]
def goto(self, x, y=None):
"""Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
"""
if y is None:
self._goto(Vec2D(*x))
else:
self._goto(Vec2D(x, y))
def home(self):
"""Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
No arguments.
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.home()
"""
self.goto(0, 0)
self.setheading(0)
def setx(self, x):
"""Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
Argument:
x -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00, 240.00)
"""
self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position[1]))
def sety(self, y):
"""Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
Argument:
y -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, -10.00)
"""
self._goto(Vec2D(self._position[0], y))
def distance(self, x, y=None):
"""Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> pen = Turtle()
>>> pen.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
77.0
"""
if y is not None:
pos = Vec2D(x, y)
if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
pos = x
elif isinstance(x, tuple):
pos = Vec2D(*x)
elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
pos = x._position
return abs(pos - self._position)
def towards(self, x, y=None):
"""Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
modes - "standard" or "logo")
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(10.00, 10.00)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
"""
if y is not None:
pos = Vec2D(x, y)
if isinstance(x, Vec2D):
pos = x
elif isinstance(x, tuple):
pos = Vec2D(*x)
elif isinstance(x, TNavigator):
pos = x._position
x, y = pos - self._position
result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
result /= self._degreesPerAU
return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
def heading(self):
""" Return the turtle's current heading.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
"""
x, y = self._orient
result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0
result /= self._degreesPerAU
return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle
def setheading(self, to_angle):
"""Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
"""
angle = (to_angle - self.heading())*self._angleOrient
full = self._fullcircle
angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2.
self._rotate(angle)
def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None):
""" Draw a circle with given radius.
Arguments:
radius -- a number
extent (optional) -- a number
steps (optional) -- an integer
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
polygons.
call: circle(radius) # full circle
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
"""
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
speed = self.speed()
if extent is None:
extent = self._fullcircle
if steps is None:
frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle
steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac)
w = 1.0 * extent / steps
w2 = 0.5 * w
l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(w2*math.pi/180.0*self._degreesPerAU)
if radius < 0:
l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2
tr = self._tracer()
dl = self._delay()
if speed == 0:
self._tracer(0, 0)
else:
self.speed(0)
self._rotate(w2)
for i in range(steps):
self.speed(speed)
self._go(l)
self.speed(0)
self._rotate(w)
self._rotate(-w2)
if speed == 0:
self._tracer(tr, dl)
self.speed(speed)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
def speed(self, s=0):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _tracer(self, a=None, b=None):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _delay(self, n=None):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
fd = forward
bk = back
backward = back
rt = right
lt = left
position = pos
setpos = goto
setposition = goto
seth = setheading
class TPen(object):
"""Drawing part of the RawTurtle.
Implements drawing properties.
"""
def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]):
self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize"
self.undobuffer = None
TPen._reset(self)
def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"],
fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]):
self._pensize = 1
self._shown = True
self._pencolor = pencolor
self._fillcolor = fillcolor
self._drawing = True
self._speed = 3
self._stretchfactor = (1., 1.)
self._shearfactor = 0.
self._tilt = 0.
self._shapetrafo = (1., 0., 0., 1.)
self._outlinewidth = 1
def resizemode(self, rmode=None):
"""Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
(Optional) Argument:
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
which are set by shapesize()
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
"""
if rmode is None:
return self._resizemode
rmode = rmode.lower()
if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]:
self.pen(resizemode=rmode)
def pensize(self, width=None):
"""Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
"""
if width is None:
return self._pensize
self.pen(pensize=width)
def penup(self):
"""Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
"""
if not self._drawing:
return
self.pen(pendown=False)
def pendown(self):
"""Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
"""
if self._drawing:
return
self.pen(pendown=True)
def isdown(self):
"""Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
"""
return self._drawing
def speed(self, speed=None):
""" Return or set the turtle's speed.
Optional argument:
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
If no argument is given: return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
speed is set to 0.
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
'fastest' : 0
'fast' : 10
'normal' : 6
'slow' : 3
'slowest' : 1
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention:
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.speed(3)
"""
speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 }
if speed is None:
return self._speed
if speed in speeds:
speed = speeds[speed]
elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5:
speed = int(round(speed))
else:
speed = 0
self.pen(speed=speed)
def color(self, *args):
"""Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
Arguments:
Several input formats are allowed.
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
by pencolor and fillcolor.
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
to the given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
is drawn with the newly set colors.
For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> colormode(255)
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
>>> color()
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
"""
if args:
l = len(args)
if l == 1:
pcolor = fcolor = args[0]
elif l == 2:
pcolor, fcolor = args
elif l == 3:
pcolor = fcolor = args
pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor)
fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor)
self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor)
else:
return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor)
def pencolor(self, *args):
""" Return or set the pencolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- pencolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- pencolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- pencolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set pencolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'#33cc8c'
"""
if args:
color = self._colorstr(args)
if color == self._pencolor:
return
self.pen(pencolor=color)
else:
return self._color(self._pencolor)
def fillcolor(self, *args):
""" Return or set the fillcolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- fillcolor()
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- fillcolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
"""
if args:
color = self._colorstr(args)
if color == self._fillcolor:
return
self.pen(fillcolor=color)
else:
return self._color(self._fillcolor)
def showturtle(self):
"""Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
"""
self.pen(shown=True)
def hideturtle(self):
"""Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
"""
self.pen(shown=False)
def isvisible(self):
"""Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
False
"""
return self._shown
def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict):
"""Return or set the pen's attributes.
Arguments:
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
listed keys as keywords.
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
with the following key/value pairs:
"shown" : True/False
"pendown" : True/False
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"pensize" : positive number
"speed" : number in range 0..10
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
"shearfactor": number
"outline" : positive number
"tilt" : number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> p.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
"""
_pd = {"shown" : self._shown,
"pendown" : self._drawing,
"pencolor" : self._pencolor,
"fillcolor" : self._fillcolor,
"pensize" : self._pensize,
"speed" : self._speed,
"resizemode" : self._resizemode,
"stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor,
"shearfactor" : self._shearfactor,
"outline" : self._outlinewidth,
"tilt" : self._tilt
}
if not (pen or pendict):
return _pd
if isinstance(pen, dict):
p = pen
else:
p = {}
p.update(pendict)
_p_buf = {}
for key in p:
_p_buf[key] = _pd[key]
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf))
newLine = False
if "pendown" in p:
if self._drawing != p["pendown"]:
newLine = True
if "pencolor" in p:
if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple):
p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],))
if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]:
newLine = True
if "pensize" in p:
if self._pensize != p["pensize"]:
newLine = True
if newLine:
self._newLine()
if "pendown" in p:
self._drawing = p["pendown"]
if "pencolor" in p:
self._pencolor = p["pencolor"]
if "pensize" in p:
self._pensize = p["pensize"]
if "fillcolor" in p:
if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple):
p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],))
self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"]
if "speed" in p:
self._speed = p["speed"]
if "resizemode" in p:
self._resizemode = p["resizemode"]
if "stretchfactor" in p:
sf = p["stretchfactor"]
if isinstance(sf, (int, float)):
sf = (sf, sf)
self._stretchfactor = sf
if "shearfactor" in p:
self._shearfactor = p["shearfactor"]
if "outline" in p:
self._outlinewidth = p["outline"]
if "shown" in p:
self._shown = p["shown"]
if "tilt" in p:
self._tilt = p["tilt"]
if "stretchfactor" in p or "tilt" in p or "shearfactor" in p:
scx, scy = self._stretchfactor
shf = self._shearfactor
sa, ca = math.sin(self._tilt), math.cos(self._tilt)
self._shapetrafo = ( scx*ca, scy*(shf*ca + sa),
-scx*sa, scy*(ca - shf*sa))
self._update()
## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class:
def _newLine(self, usePos = True):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _update(self, count=True, forced=False):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _color(self, args):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
def _colorstr(self, args):
"""dummy method - to be overwritten by child class"""
width = pensize
up = penup
pu = penup
pd = pendown
down = pendown
st = showturtle
ht = hideturtle
class _TurtleImage(object):
"""Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes
"""
def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex):
self.screen = screen
self._type = None
self._setshape(shapeIndex)
def _setshape(self, shapeIndex):
screen = self.screen
self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex
if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type:
return
if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type:
return
if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]:
screen._delete(self._item)
elif self._type == "compound":
for item in self._item:
screen._delete(item)
self._type = screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type
if self._type == "polygon":
self._item = screen._createpoly()
elif self._type == "image":
self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
elif self._type == "compound":
self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._data]
class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator):
"""Animation part of the RawTurtle.
Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
its animation.
"""
screens = []
def __init__(self, canvas=None,
shape=_CFG["shape"],
undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
visible=_CFG["visible"]):
if isinstance(canvas, _Screen):
self.screen = canvas
elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen):
if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens:
RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas)
self.screen = canvas
elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)):
for screen in RawTurtle.screens:
if screen.cv == canvas:
self.screen = screen
break
else:
self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas)
RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen)
else:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad canvas argument %s" % canvas)
screen = self.screen
TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode())
TPen.__init__(self)
screen._turtles.append(self)
self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline()
self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape)
self._poly = None
self._creatingPoly = False
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
self._shown = visible
self._hidden_from_screen = False
self.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
self.currentLine = [self._position]
self.items = [self.currentLineItem]
self.stampItems = []
self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize
self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(undobuffersize)
self._update()
def reset(self):
"""Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
"""
TNavigator.reset(self)
TPen._reset(self)
self._clear()
self._drawturtle()
self._update()
def setundobuffer(self, size):
"""Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
"""
if size is None or size <= 0:
self.undobuffer = None
else:
self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size)
def undobufferentries(self):
"""Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
"""
if self.undobuffer is None:
return 0
return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items()
def _clear(self):
"""Delete all of pen's drawings"""
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
for item in self.items:
self.screen._delete(item)
self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
self.currentLine = []
if self._drawing:
self.currentLine.append(self._position)
self.items = [self.currentLineItem]
self.clearstamps()
self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize)
def clear(self):
"""Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
"""
self._clear()
self._update()
def _update_data(self):
self.screen._incrementudc()
if self.screen._updatecounter != 0:
return
if len(self.currentLine)>1:
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
self._pencolor, self._pensize)
def _update(self):
"""Perform a Turtle-data update.
"""
screen = self.screen
if screen._tracing == 0:
return
elif screen._tracing == 1:
self._update_data()
self._drawturtle()
screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase
screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase
else:
self._update_data()
if screen._updatecounter == 0:
for t in screen.turtles():
t._drawturtle()
screen._update()
def _tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None):
"""Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
"""
return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay)
def _color(self, args):
return self.screen._color(args)
def _colorstr(self, args):
return self.screen._colorstr(args)
def _cc(self, args):
"""Convert colortriples to hexstrings.
"""
if isinstance(args, str):
return args
try:
r, g, b = args
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args))
if self.screen._colormode == 1.0:
r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)]
if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)):
raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args))
return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b)
def clone(self):
"""Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
"""
screen = self.screen
self._newLine(self._drawing)
turtle = self.turtle
self.screen = None
self.turtle = None # too make self deepcopy-able
q = deepcopy(self)
self.screen = screen
self.turtle = turtle
q.screen = screen
q.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, self.turtle.shapeIndex)
screen._turtles.append(q)
ttype = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._type
if ttype == "polygon":
q.turtle._item = screen._createpoly()
elif ttype == "image":
q.turtle._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
elif ttype == "compound":
q.turtle._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in
screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._data]
q.currentLineItem = screen._createline()
q._update()
return q
def shape(self, name=None):
"""Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
"""
if name is None:
return self.turtle.shapeIndex
if not name in self.screen.getshapes():
raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name)
self.turtle._setshape(name)
self._update()
def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None):
"""Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
"""
if stretch_wid is stretch_len is outline is None:
stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor
return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth
if stretch_wid == 0 or stretch_len == 0:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zero")
if stretch_wid is not None:
if stretch_len is None:
stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid
else:
stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len
elif stretch_len is not None:
stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor[0], stretch_len
else:
stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor
if outline is None:
outline = self._outlinewidth
self.pen(resizemode="user",
stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline)
def shearfactor(self, shear=None):
"""Set or return the current shearfactor.
Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle
Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear,
which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the
turtle's heading (direction of movement).
If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
heading of the turtle are sheared.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
>>> turtle.shearfactor()
>>> 0.5
"""
if shear is None:
return self._shearfactor
self.pen(resizemode="user", shearfactor=shear)
def settiltangle(self, angle):
"""Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
Argument: angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
"""
tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient
tilt = (tilt * math.pi / 180.0) % (2*math.pi)
self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt)
def tiltangle(self, angle=None):
"""Set or return the current tilt-angle.
Optional argument: angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
turtle (its direction of movement).
Deprecated since Python 3.1
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
"""
if angle is None:
tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient
return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle
else:
self.settiltangle(angle)
def tilt(self, angle):
"""Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
Argument:
angle - a number
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
"""
self.settiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle())
def shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None):
"""Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers.
If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
matrix.
Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
second row t21, 22.
Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
given matrix.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
>>> turtle.shapetransform()
(4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
"""
if t11 is t12 is t21 is t22 is None:
return self._shapetrafo
m11, m12, m21, m22 = self._shapetrafo
if t11 is not None: m11 = t11
if t12 is not None: m12 = t12
if t21 is not None: m21 = t21
if t22 is not None: m22 = t22
if t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 == 0:
raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singular")
self._shapetrafo = (m11, m12, m21, m22)
alfa = math.atan2(-m21, m11) % (2 * math.pi)
sa, ca = math.sin(alfa), math.cos(alfa)
a11, a12, a21, a22 = (ca*m11 - sa*m21, ca*m12 - sa*m22,
sa*m11 + ca*m21, sa*m12 + ca*m22)
self._stretchfactor = a11, a22
self._shearfactor = a12/a22
self._tilt = alfa
self.pen(resizemode="user")
def _polytrafo(self, poly):
"""Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape
according to current position and heading.
"""
screen = self.screen
p0, p1 = self._position
e0, e1 = self._orient
e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale)
e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e
return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale)
for (x, y) in poly]
def get_shapepoly(self):
"""Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs.
No argument.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
>>> turtle.get_shapepoly()
((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
"""
shape = self.screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
if shape._type == "polygon":
return self._getshapepoly(shape._data, shape._type == "compound")
# else return None
def _getshapepoly(self, polygon, compound=False):
"""Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode
and shapetransform.
"""
if self._resizemode == "user" or compound:
t11, t12, t21, t22 = self._shapetrafo
elif self._resizemode == "auto":
l = max(1, self._pensize/5.0)
t11, t12, t21, t22 = l, 0, 0, l
elif self._resizemode == "noresize":
return polygon
return tuple([(t11*x + t12*y, t21*x + t22*y) for (x, y) in polygon])
def _drawturtle(self):
"""Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to
its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc."""
screen = self.screen
shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
ttype = shape._type
titem = self.turtle._item
if self._shown and screen._updatecounter == 0 and screen._tracing > 0:
self._hidden_from_screen = False
tshape = shape._data
if ttype == "polygon":
if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1
elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize
else: w =self._outlinewidth
shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape))
fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
screen._drawpoly(titem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
width=w, top=True)
elif ttype == "image":
screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, tshape)
elif ttype == "compound":
for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(titem, tshape):
poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True))
screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True)
else:
if self._hidden_from_screen:
return
if ttype == "polygon":
screen._drawpoly(titem, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
elif ttype == "image":
screen._drawimage(titem, self._position,
screen._shapes["blank"]._data)
elif ttype == "compound":
for item in titem:
screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "")
self._hidden_from_screen = True
############################## stamp stuff ###############################
def stamp(self):
"""Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
No argument.
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
13
>>> turtle.fd(50)
"""
screen = self.screen
shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]
ttype = shape._type
tshape = shape._data
if ttype == "polygon":
stitem = screen._createpoly()
if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1
elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize
else: w =self._outlinewidth
shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape))
fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor
screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc,
width=w, top=True)
elif ttype == "image":
stitem = screen._createimage("")
screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape)
elif ttype == "compound":
stitem = []
for element in tshape:
item = screen._createpoly()
stitem.append(item)
stitem = tuple(stitem)
for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape):
poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True))
screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc),
outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True)
self.stampItems.append(stitem)
self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem))
return stitem
def _clearstamp(self, stampid):
"""does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps()
"""
if stampid in self.stampItems:
if isinstance(stampid, tuple):
for subitem in stampid:
self.screen._delete(subitem)
else:
self.screen._delete(stampid)
self.stampItems.remove(stampid)
# Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary
# if clearstamp is called directly.
item = ("stamp", stampid)
buf = self.undobuffer
if item not in buf.buffer:
return
index = buf.buffer.index(item)
buf.buffer.remove(item)
if index <= buf.ptr:
buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize
buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, [None])
def clearstamp(self, stampid):
"""Delete stamp with given stampid
Argument:
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
"""
self._clearstamp(stampid)
self._update()
def clearstamps(self, n=None):
"""Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
Optional argument:
n -- an integer
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
...
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
"""
if n is None:
toDelete = self.stampItems[:]
elif n >= 0:
toDelete = self.stampItems[:n]
else:
toDelete = self.stampItems[n:]
for item in toDelete:
self._clearstamp(item)
self._update()
def _goto(self, end):
"""Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line
if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend
on this one.
"""
## Version with undo-stuff
go_modes = ( self._drawing,
self._pencolor,
self._pensize,
isinstance(self._fillpath, list))
screen = self.screen
undo_entry = ("go", self._position, end, go_modes,
(self.currentLineItem,
self.currentLine[:],
screen._pointlist(self.currentLineItem),
self.items[:])
)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(undo_entry)
start = self._position
if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
diff = (end-start)
diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2
nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
for n in range(1, nhops):
if n == 1:
top = True
else:
top = False
self._position = start + delta * n
if self._drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
(start, self._position),
self._pencolor, self._pensize, top)
self._update()
if self._drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
fill="", width=self._pensize)
# Turtle now at end,
if self._drawing: # now update currentLine
self.currentLine.append(end)
if isinstance(self._fillpath, list):
self._fillpath.append(end)
###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
self._position = end
if self._creatingPoly:
self._poly.append(end)
if len(self.currentLine) > 42: # 42! answer to the ultimate question
# of life, the universe and everything
self._newLine()
self._update() #count=True)
def _undogoto(self, entry):
"""Reverse a _goto. Used for undo()
"""
old, new, go_modes, coodata = entry
drawing, pc, ps, filling = go_modes
cLI, cL, pl, items = coodata
screen = self.screen
if abs(self._position - new) > 0.5:
print ("undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!")
# restore former situation
self.currentLineItem = cLI
self.currentLine = cL
if pl == [(0, 0), (0, 0)]:
usepc = ""
else:
usepc = pc
screen._drawline(cLI, pl, fill=usepc, width=ps)
todelete = [i for i in self.items if (i not in items) and
(screen._type(i) == "line")]
for i in todelete:
screen._delete(i)
self.items.remove(i)
start = old
if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1:
diff = old - new
diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2
nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed))
delta = diff * (1.0/nhops)
for n in range(1, nhops):
if n == 1:
top = True
else:
top = False
self._position = new + delta * n
if drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem,
(start, self._position),
pc, ps, top)
self._update()
if drawing:
screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)),
fill="", width=ps)
# Turtle now at position old,
self._position = old
## if undo is done during creating a polygon, the last vertex
## will be deleted. if the polygon is entirely deleted,
## creatingPoly will be set to False.
## Polygons created before the last one will not be affected by undo()
if self._creatingPoly:
if len(self._poly) > 0:
self._poly.pop()
if self._poly == []:
self._creatingPoly = False
self._poly = None
if filling:
if self._fillpath == []:
self._fillpath = None
print("Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!")
elif self._fillpath is not None:
self._fillpath.pop()
self._update() #count=True)
def _rotate(self, angle):
"""Turns pen clockwise by angle.
"""
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU))
angle *= self._degreesPerAU
neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle)
tracing = self.screen._tracing
if tracing == 1 and self._speed > 0:
anglevel = 3.0 * self._speed
steps = 1 + int(abs(angle)/anglevel)
delta = 1.0*angle/steps
for _ in range(steps):
self._orient = self._orient.rotate(delta)
self._update()
self._orient = neworient
self._update()
def _newLine(self, usePos=True):
"""Closes current line item and starts a new one.
Remark: if current line became too long, animation
performance (via _drawline) slowed down considerably.
"""
if len(self.currentLine) > 1:
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine,
self._pencolor, self._pensize)
self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline()
self.items.append(self.currentLineItem)
else:
self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, top=True)
self.currentLine = []
if usePos:
self.currentLine = [self._position]
def filling(self):
"""Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> if turtle.filling():
... turtle.pensize(5)
... else:
... turtle.pensize(3)
"""
return isinstance(self._fillpath, list)
def begin_fill(self):
"""Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(60)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
"""
if not self.filling():
self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly()
self.items.append(self._fillitem)
self._fillpath = [self._position]
self._newLine()
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("beginfill", self._fillitem))
self._update()
def end_fill(self):
"""Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(60)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
"""
if self.filling():
if len(self._fillpath) > 2:
self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath,
fill=self._fillcolor)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("dofill", self._fillitem))
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
self._update()
def dot(self, size=None, *color):
"""Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
Optional arguments:
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
"""
if not color:
if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)):
color = self._colorstr(size)
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
else:
color = self._pencolor
if not size:
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
else:
if size is None:
size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4)
color = self._colorstr(color)
if hasattr(self.screen, "_dot"):
item = self.screen._dot(self._position, size, color)
self.items.append(item)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("dot", item))
else:
pen = self.pen()
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
try:
if self.resizemode() == 'auto':
self.ht()
self.pendown()
self.pensize(size)
self.pencolor(color)
self.forward(0)
finally:
self.pen(pen)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
def _write(self, txt, align, font):
"""Performs the writing for write()
"""
item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font,
self._pencolor)
self.items.append(item)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item))
return end
def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")):
"""Write text at the current turtle position.
Arguments:
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
move (optional) -- True/False
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
and with the given font.
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
of the text. By default, move is False.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
"""
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.push(["seq"])
self.undobuffer.cumulate = True
end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font)
if move:
x, y = self.pos()
self.setpos(end, y)
if self.undobuffer:
self.undobuffer.cumulate = False
def begin_poly(self):
"""Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
"""
self._poly = [self._position]
self._creatingPoly = True
def end_poly(self):
"""Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.end_poly()
"""
self._creatingPoly = False
def get_poly(self):
"""Return the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
"""
## check if there is any poly?
if self._poly is not None:
return tuple(self._poly)
def getscreen(self):
"""Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
No argument.
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
"""
return self.screen
def getturtle(self):
"""Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
"""
return self
getpen = getturtle
################################################################
### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen
################################################################
def _delay(self, delay=None):
"""Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation.
"""
return self.screen.delay(delay)
def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
it will replace a former binding.
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(360)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
"""
self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
self._update()
def onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
transparent.
"""
self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
self._update()
def ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None):
"""Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
down).
"""
self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add)
def _undo(self, action, data):
"""Does the main part of the work for undo()
"""
if self.undobuffer is None:
return
if action == "rot":
angle, degPAU = data
self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU)
dummy = self.undobuffer.pop()
elif action == "stamp":
stitem = data[0]
self.clearstamp(stitem)
elif action == "go":
self._undogoto(data)
elif action in ["wri", "dot"]:
item = data[0]
self.screen._delete(item)
self.items.remove(item)
elif action == "dofill":
item = data[0]
self.screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0),(0, 0),(0, 0)),
fill="", outline="")
elif action == "beginfill":
item = data[0]
self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None
if item in self.items:
self.screen._delete(item)
self.items.remove(item)
elif action == "pen":
TPen.pen(self, data[0])
self.undobuffer.pop()
def undo(self):
"""undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
No argument.
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
the undobuffer.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
...
"""
if self.undobuffer is None:
return
item = self.undobuffer.pop()
action = item[0]
data = item[1:]
if action == "seq":
while data:
item = data.pop()
self._undo(item[0], item[1:])
else:
self._undo(action, data)
turtlesize = shapesize
RawPen = RawTurtle
### Screen - Singleton ########################
def Screen():
"""Return the singleton screen object.
If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it,
else return the existing one."""
if Turtle._screen is None:
Turtle._screen = _Screen()
return Turtle._screen
class _Screen(TurtleScreen):
_root = None
_canvas = None
_title = _CFG["title"]
def __init__(self):
# XXX there is no need for this code to be conditional,
# as there will be only a single _Screen instance, anyway
# XXX actually, the turtle demo is injecting root window,
# so perhaps the conditional creation of a root should be
# preserved (perhaps by passing it as an optional parameter)
if _Screen._root is None:
_Screen._root = self._root = _Root()
self._root.title(_Screen._title)
self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy)
if _Screen._canvas is None:
width = _CFG["width"]
height = _CFG["height"]
canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"]
canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"]
leftright = _CFG["leftright"]
topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"]
self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight)
_Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas()
TurtleScreen.__init__(self, _Screen._canvas)
self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom)
def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"],
startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]):
""" Set the size and position of the main window.
Arguments:
width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen.
Default is 50% of screen.
height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the
screen. Default is 75% of screen.
startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge
Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally.
starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge
Default, starty=None is to center window vertically.
Examples (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
"""
if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"):
return
sw = self._root.win_width()
sh = self._root.win_height()
if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1:
width = sw*width
if startx is None:
startx = (sw - width) / 2
if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1:
height = sh*height
if starty is None:
starty = (sh - height) / 2
self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty)
self.update()
def title(self, titlestring):
"""Set title of turtle-window
Argument:
titlestring -- a string, to appear in the titlebar of the
turtle graphics window.
This is a method of Screen-class. Not available for TurtleScreen-
objects.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle-zoo!")
"""
if _Screen._root is not None:
_Screen._root.title(titlestring)
_Screen._title = titlestring
def _destroy(self):
root = self._root
if root is _Screen._root:
Turtle._pen = None
Turtle._screen = None
_Screen._root = None
_Screen._canvas = None
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False
root.destroy()
def bye(self):
"""Shut the turtlegraphics window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bye()
"""
self._destroy()
def exitonclick(self):
"""Go into mainloop until the mouse is clicked.
No arguments.
Bind bye() method to mouseclick on TurtleScreen.
If "using_IDLE" - value in configuration dictionary is False
(default value), enter mainloop.
If IDLE with -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be
set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE's mainloop
is active also for the client script.
This is a method of the Screen-class and not available for
TurtleScreen instances.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> screen.exitonclick()
"""
def exitGracefully(x, y):
"""Screen.bye() with two dummy-parameters"""
self.bye()
self.onclick(exitGracefully)
if _CFG["using_IDLE"]:
return
try:
mainloop()
except AttributeError:
exit(0)
class Turtle(RawTurtle):
"""RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
"""
_pen = None
_screen = None
def __init__(self,
shape=_CFG["shape"],
undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"],
visible=_CFG["visible"]):
if Turtle._screen is None:
Turtle._screen = Screen()
RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen,
shape=shape,
undobuffersize=undobuffersize,
visible=visible)
Pen = Turtle
def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"):
"""Create and write docstring-dictionary to file.
Optional argument:
filename -- a string, used as filename
default value is turtle_docstringdict
Has to be called explicitly, (not used by the turtle-graphics classes)
The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script <filname>.py
It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings
into different languages.
"""
docsdict = {}
for methodname in _tg_screen_functions:
key = "_Screen."+methodname
docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__
for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions:
key = "Turtle."+methodname
docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__
with open("%s.py" % filename,"w") as f:
keys = sorted([x for x in docsdict.keys()
if x.split('.')[1] not in _alias_list])
f.write('docsdict = {\n\n')
for key in keys[:-1]:
f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
f.write(' """%s\n""",\n\n' % docsdict[key])
key = keys[-1]
f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key))
f.write(' """%s\n"""\n\n' % docsdict[key])
f.write("}\n")
f.close()
def read_docstrings(lang):
"""Read in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary.
Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file
to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form -
to the corresponding functions.
"""
modname = "turtle_docstringdict_%(language)s" % {'language':lang.lower()}
module = __import__(modname)
docsdict = module.docsdict
for key in docsdict:
try:
# eval(key).im_func.__doc__ = docsdict[key]
eval(key).__doc__ = docsdict[key]
except Exception:
print("Bad docstring-entry: %s" % key)
_LANGUAGE = _CFG["language"]
try:
if _LANGUAGE != "english":
read_docstrings(_LANGUAGE)
except ImportError:
print("Cannot find docsdict for", _LANGUAGE)
except Exception:
print ("Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionary" %
_LANGUAGE)
def getmethparlist(ob):
"""Get strings describing the arguments for the given object
Returns a pair of strings representing function parameter lists
including parenthesis. The first string is suitable for use in
function definition and the second is suitable for use in function
call. The "self" parameter is not included.
"""
defText = callText = ""
# bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function
# but we drop the "self" param.
# Try and build one for Python defined functions
args, varargs, varkw = inspect.getargs(ob.__code__)
items2 = args[1:]
realArgs = args[1:]
defaults = ob.__defaults__ or []
defaults = ["=%r" % (value,) for value in defaults]
defaults = [""] * (len(realArgs)-len(defaults)) + defaults
items1 = [arg + dflt for arg, dflt in zip(realArgs, defaults)]
if varargs is not None:
items1.append("*" + varargs)
items2.append("*" + varargs)
if varkw is not None:
items1.append("**" + varkw)
items2.append("**" + varkw)
defText = ", ".join(items1)
defText = "(%s)" % defText
callText = ", ".join(items2)
callText = "(%s)" % callText
return defText, callText
def _turtle_docrevise(docstr):
"""To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions
"""
import re
if docstr is None:
return None
turtlename = _CFG["exampleturtle"]
newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % turtlename,"")
parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % turtlename)
newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
return newdocstr
def _screen_docrevise(docstr):
"""To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions
"""
import re
if docstr is None:
return None
screenname = _CFG["examplescreen"]
newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % screenname,"")
parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % screenname)
newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr)
return newdocstr
## The following mechanism makes all methods of RawTurtle and Turtle available
## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these
## classes and do not need to change anything here.
__func_body = """\
def {name}{paramslist}:
if {obj} is None:
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
{obj} = {init}
try:
return {obj}.{name}{argslist}
except TK.TclError:
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
raise
"""
def _make_global_funcs(functions, cls, obj, init, docrevise):
for methodname in functions:
method = getattr(cls, methodname)
pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(method)
if pl1 == "":
print(">>>>>>", pl1, pl2)
continue
defstr = __func_body.format(obj=obj, init=init, name=methodname,
paramslist=pl1, argslist=pl2)
exec(defstr, globals())
globals()[methodname].__doc__ = docrevise(method.__doc__)
_make_global_funcs(_tg_screen_functions, _Screen,
'Turtle._screen', 'Screen()', _screen_docrevise)
_make_global_funcs(_tg_turtle_functions, Turtle,
'Turtle._pen', 'Turtle()', _turtle_docrevise)
done = mainloop
if __name__ == "__main__":
def switchpen():
if isdown():
pu()
else:
pd()
def demo1():
"""Demo of old turtle.py - module"""
reset()
tracer(True)
up()
backward(100)
down()
# draw 3 squares; the last filled
width(3)
for i in range(3):
if i == 2:
begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
forward(20)
left(90)
if i == 2:
color("maroon")
end_fill()
up()
forward(30)
down()
width(1)
color("black")
# move out of the way
tracer(False)
up()
right(90)
forward(100)
right(90)
forward(100)
right(180)
down()
# some text
write("startstart", 1)
write("start", 1)
color("red")
# staircase
for i in range(5):
forward(20)
left(90)
forward(20)
right(90)
# filled staircase
tracer(True)
begin_fill()
for i in range(5):
forward(20)
left(90)
forward(20)
right(90)
end_fill()
# more text
def demo2():
"""Demo of some new features."""
speed(1)
st()
pensize(3)
setheading(towards(0, 0))
radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0
rt(90)
for _ in range(18):
switchpen()
circle(radius, 10)
write("wait a moment...")
while undobufferentries():
undo()
reset()
lt(90)
colormode(255)
laenge = 10
pencolor("green")
pensize(3)
lt(180)
for i in range(-2, 16):
if i > 0:
begin_fill()
fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i)
for _ in range(3):
fd(laenge)
lt(120)
end_fill()
laenge += 10
lt(15)
speed((speed()+1)%12)
#end_fill()
lt(120)
pu()
fd(70)
rt(30)
pd()
color("red","yellow")
speed(0)
begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
circle(50, 90)
rt(90)
fd(30)
rt(90)
end_fill()
lt(90)
pu()
fd(30)
pd()
shape("turtle")
tri = getturtle()
tri.resizemode("auto")
turtle = Turtle()
turtle.resizemode("auto")
turtle.shape("turtle")
turtle.reset()
turtle.left(90)
turtle.speed(0)
turtle.up()
turtle.goto(280, 40)
turtle.lt(30)
turtle.down()
turtle.speed(6)
turtle.color("blue","orange")
turtle.pensize(2)
tri.speed(6)
setheading(towards(turtle))
count = 1
while tri.distance(turtle) > 4:
turtle.fd(3.5)
turtle.lt(0.6)
tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle))
tri.fd(4)
if count % 20 == 0:
turtle.stamp()
tri.stamp()
switchpen()
count += 1
tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right")
tri.pencolor("black")
tri.pencolor("red")
def baba(xdummy, ydummy):
clearscreen()
bye()
time.sleep(2)
while undobufferentries():
tri.undo()
turtle.undo()
tri.fd(50)
tri.write(" Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") )
tri.onclick(baba, 1)
demo1()
demo2()
exitonclick()