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# Util
<!--introduced_in=v0.10.0-->
> Stability: 2 - Stable
<!-- source_link=lib/util.js -->
The `node:util` module supports the needs of Node.js internal APIs. Many of the
utilities are useful for application and module developers as well. To access
it:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
```
## `util.callbackify(original)`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.2.0
-->
* `original` {Function} An `async` function
* Returns: {Function} a callback style function
Takes an `async` function (or a function that returns a `Promise`) and returns a
function following the error-first callback style, i.e. taking
an `(err, value) => ...` callback as the last argument. In the callback, the
first argument will be the rejection reason (or `null` if the `Promise`
resolved), and the second argument will be the resolved value.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
async function fn() {
return 'hello world';
}
const callbackFunction = util.callbackify(fn);
callbackFunction((err, ret) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(ret);
});
```
Will print:
```text
hello world
```
The callback is executed asynchronously, and will have a limited stack trace.
If the callback throws, the process will emit an [`'uncaughtException'`][]
event, and if not handled will exit.
Since `null` has a special meaning as the first argument to a callback, if a
wrapped function rejects a `Promise` with a falsy value as a reason, the value
is wrapped in an `Error` with the original value stored in a field named
`reason`.
```js
function fn() {
return Promise.reject(null);
}
const callbackFunction = util.callbackify(fn);
callbackFunction((err, ret) => {
// When the Promise was rejected with `null` it is wrapped with an Error and
// the original value is stored in `reason`.
err && Object.hasOwn(err, 'reason') && err.reason === null; // true
});
```
## `util.debuglog(section[, callback])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.3
-->
* `section` {string} A string identifying the portion of the application for
which the `debuglog` function is being created.
* `callback` {Function} A callback invoked the first time the logging function
is called with a function argument that is a more optimized logging function.
* Returns: {Function} The logging function
The `util.debuglog()` method is used to create a function that conditionally
writes debug messages to `stderr` based on the existence of the `NODE_DEBUG`
environment variable. If the `section` name appears within the value of that
environment variable, then the returned function operates similar to
[`console.error()`][]. If not, then the returned function is a no-op.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const debuglog = util.debuglog('foo');
debuglog('hello from foo [%d]', 123);
```
If this program is run with `NODE_DEBUG=foo` in the environment, then
it will output something like:
```console
FOO 3245: hello from foo [123]
```
where `3245` is the process id. If it is not run with that
environment variable set, then it will not print anything.
The `section` supports wildcard also:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const debuglog = util.debuglog('foo-bar');
debuglog('hi there, it\'s foo-bar [%d]', 2333);
```
if it is run with `NODE_DEBUG=foo*` in the environment, then it will output
something like:
```console
FOO-BAR 3257: hi there, it's foo-bar [2333]
```
Multiple comma-separated `section` names may be specified in the `NODE_DEBUG`
environment variable: `NODE_DEBUG=fs,net,tls`.
The optional `callback` argument can be used to replace the logging function
with a different function that doesn't have any initialization or
unnecessary wrapping.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
let debuglog = util.debuglog('internals', (debug) => {
// Replace with a logging function that optimizes out
// testing if the section is enabled
debuglog = debug;
});
```
### `debuglog().enabled`
<!-- YAML
added: v14.9.0
-->
* {boolean}
The `util.debuglog().enabled` getter is used to create a test that can be used
in conditionals based on the existence of the `NODE_DEBUG` environment variable.
If the `section` name appears within the value of that environment variable,
then the returned value will be `true`. If not, then the returned value will be
`false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const enabled = util.debuglog('foo').enabled;
if (enabled) {
console.log('hello from foo [%d]', 123);
}
```
If this program is run with `NODE_DEBUG=foo` in the environment, then it will
output something like:
```console
hello from foo [123]
```
## `util.debug(section)`
<!-- YAML
added: v14.9.0
-->
Alias for `util.debuglog`. Usage allows for readability of that doesn't imply
logging when only using `util.debuglog().enabled`.
## `util.deprecate(fn, msg[, code])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.8.0
changes:
- version: v10.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16393
description: Deprecation warnings are only emitted once for each code.
-->
* `fn` {Function} The function that is being deprecated.
* `msg` {string} A warning message to display when the deprecated function is
invoked.
* `code` {string} A deprecation code. See the [list of deprecated APIs][] for a
list of codes.
* Returns: {Function} The deprecated function wrapped to emit a warning.
The `util.deprecate()` method wraps `fn` (which may be a function or class) in
such a way that it is marked as deprecated.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
exports.obsoleteFunction = util.deprecate(() => {
// Do something here.
}, 'obsoleteFunction() is deprecated. Use newShinyFunction() instead.');
```
When called, `util.deprecate()` will return a function that will emit a
`DeprecationWarning` using the [`'warning'`][] event. The warning will
be emitted and printed to `stderr` the first time the returned function is
called. After the warning is emitted, the wrapped function is called without
emitting a warning.
If the same optional `code` is supplied in multiple calls to `util.deprecate()`,
the warning will be emitted only once for that `code`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const fn1 = util.deprecate(someFunction, someMessage, 'DEP0001');
const fn2 = util.deprecate(someOtherFunction, someOtherMessage, 'DEP0001');
fn1(); // Emits a deprecation warning with code DEP0001
fn2(); // Does not emit a deprecation warning because it has the same code
```
If either the `--no-deprecation` or `--no-warnings` command-line flags are
used, or if the `process.noDeprecation` property is set to `true` _prior_ to
the first deprecation warning, the `util.deprecate()` method does nothing.
If the `--trace-deprecation` or `--trace-warnings` command-line flags are set,
or the `process.traceDeprecation` property is set to `true`, a warning and a
stack trace are printed to `stderr` the first time the deprecated function is
called.
If the `--throw-deprecation` command-line flag is set, or the
`process.throwDeprecation` property is set to `true`, then an exception will be
thrown when the deprecated function is called.
The `--throw-deprecation` command-line flag and `process.throwDeprecation`
property take precedence over `--trace-deprecation` and
`process.traceDeprecation`.
## `util.format(format[, ...args])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.3
changes:
- version: v12.11.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/29606
description: The `%c` specifier is ignored now.
- version: v12.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/23162
description: The `format` argument is now only taken as such if it actually
contains format specifiers.
- version: v12.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/23162
description: If the `format` argument is not a format string, the output
string's formatting is no longer dependent on the type of the
first argument. This change removes previously present quotes
from strings that were being output when the first argument
was not a string.
- version: v11.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/23708
description: The `%d`, `%f`, and `%i` specifiers now support Symbols
properly.
- version: v11.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24806
description: The `%o` specifier's `depth` has default depth of 4 again.
- version: v11.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/17907
description: The `%o` specifier's `depth` option will now fall back to the
default depth.
- version: v10.12.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22097
description: The `%d` and `%i` specifiers now support BigInt.
- version: v8.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/14558
description: The `%o` and `%O` specifiers are supported now.
-->
* `format` {string} A `printf`-like format string.
The `util.format()` method returns a formatted string using the first argument
as a `printf`-like format string which can contain zero or more format
specifiers. Each specifier is replaced with the converted value from the
corresponding argument. Supported specifiers are:
* `%s`: `String` will be used to convert all values except `BigInt`, `Object`
and `-0`. `BigInt` values will be represented with an `n` and Objects that
have no user defined `toString` function are inspected using `util.inspect()`
with options `{ depth: 0, colors: false, compact: 3 }`.
* `%d`: `Number` will be used to convert all values except `BigInt` and
`Symbol`.
* `%i`: `parseInt(value, 10)` is used for all values except `BigInt` and
`Symbol`.
* `%f`: `parseFloat(value)` is used for all values expect `Symbol`.
* `%j`: JSON. Replaced with the string `'[Circular]'` if the argument contains
circular references.
* `%o`: `Object`. A string representation of an object with generic JavaScript
object formatting. Similar to `util.inspect()` with options
`{ showHidden: true, showProxy: true }`. This will show the full object
including non-enumerable properties and proxies.
* `%O`: `Object`. A string representation of an object with generic JavaScript
object formatting. Similar to `util.inspect()` without options. This will show
the full object not including non-enumerable properties and proxies.
* `%c`: `CSS`. This specifier is ignored and will skip any CSS passed in.
* `%%`: single percent sign (`'%'`). This does not consume an argument.
* Returns: {string} The formatted string
If a specifier does not have a corresponding argument, it is not replaced:
```js
util.format('%s:%s', 'foo');
// Returns: 'foo:%s'
```
Values that are not part of the format string are formatted using
`util.inspect()` if their type is not `string`.
If there are more arguments passed to the `util.format()` method than the
number of specifiers, the extra arguments are concatenated to the returned
string, separated by spaces:
```js
util.format('%s:%s', 'foo', 'bar', 'baz');
// Returns: 'foo:bar baz'
```
If the first argument does not contain a valid format specifier, `util.format()`
returns a string that is the concatenation of all arguments separated by spaces:
```js
util.format(1, 2, 3);
// Returns: '1 2 3'
```
If only one argument is passed to `util.format()`, it is returned as it is
without any formatting:
```js
util.format('%% %s');
// Returns: '%% %s'
```
`util.format()` is a synchronous method that is intended as a debugging tool.
Some input values can have a significant performance overhead that can block the
event loop. Use this function with care and never in a hot code path.
## `util.formatWithOptions(inspectOptions, format[, ...args])`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `inspectOptions` {Object}
* `format` {string}
This function is identical to [`util.format()`][], except in that it takes
an `inspectOptions` argument which specifies options that are passed along to
[`util.inspect()`][].
```js
util.formatWithOptions({ colors: true }, 'See object %O', { foo: 42 });
// Returns 'See object { foo: 42 }', where `42` is colored as a number
// when printed to a terminal.
```
## `util.getSystemErrorName(err)`
<!-- YAML
added: v9.7.0
-->
* `err` {number}
* Returns: {string}
Returns the string name for a numeric error code that comes from a Node.js API.
The mapping between error codes and error names is platform-dependent.
See [Common System Errors][] for the names of common errors.
```js
fs.access('file/that/does/not/exist', (err) => {
const name = util.getSystemErrorName(err.errno);
console.error(name); // ENOENT
});
```
## `util.getSystemErrorMap()`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v16.0.0
- v14.17.0
-->
* Returns: {Map}
Returns a Map of all system error codes available from the Node.js API.
The mapping between error codes and error names is platform-dependent.
See [Common System Errors][] for the names of common errors.
```js
fs.access('file/that/does/not/exist', (err) => {
const errorMap = util.getSystemErrorMap();
const name = errorMap.get(err.errno);
console.error(name); // ENOENT
});
```
## `util.inherits(constructor, superConstructor)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.0
changes:
- version: v5.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/3455
description: The `constructor` parameter can refer to an ES6 class now.
-->
> Stability: 3 - Legacy: Use ES2015 class syntax and `extends` keyword instead.
* `constructor` {Function}
* `superConstructor` {Function}
Usage of `util.inherits()` is discouraged. Please use the ES6 `class` and
`extends` keywords to get language level inheritance support. Also note
that the two styles are [semantically incompatible][].
Inherit the prototype methods from one [constructor][] into another. The
prototype of `constructor` will be set to a new object created from
`superConstructor`.
This mainly adds some input validation on top of
`Object.setPrototypeOf(constructor.prototype, superConstructor.prototype)`.
As an additional convenience, `superConstructor` will be accessible
through the `constructor.super_` property.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const EventEmitter = require('node:events');
function MyStream() {
EventEmitter.call(this);
}
util.inherits(MyStream, EventEmitter);
MyStream.prototype.write = function(data) {
this.emit('data', data);
};
const stream = new MyStream();
console.log(stream instanceof EventEmitter); // true
console.log(MyStream.super_ === EventEmitter); // true
stream.on('data', (data) => {
console.log(`Received data: "${data}"`);
});
stream.write('It works!'); // Received data: "It works!"
```
ES6 example using `class` and `extends`:
```js
const EventEmitter = require('node:events');
class MyStream extends EventEmitter {
write(data) {
this.emit('data', data);
}
}
const stream = new MyStream();
stream.on('data', (data) => {
console.log(`Received data: "${data}"`);
});
stream.write('With ES6');
```
## `util.inspect(object[, options])`
## `util.inspect(object[, showHidden[, depth[, colors]]])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.0
changes:
- version:
- v17.3.0
- v16.14.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/41003
description: The `numericSeparator` option is supported now.
- version: v16.18.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/43576
description: add support for `maxArrayLength` when inspecting `Set` and `Map`.
- version:
- v14.6.0
- v12.19.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/33690
description: If `object` is from a different `vm.Context` now, a custom
inspection function on it will not receive context-specific
arguments anymore.
- version:
- v13.13.0
- v12.17.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32392
description: The `maxStringLength` option is supported now.
- version:
- v13.5.0
- v12.16.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30768
description: User defined prototype properties are inspected in case
`showHidden` is `true`.
- version: v13.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/27685
description: Circular references now include a marker to the reference.
- version: v12.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/27109
description: The `compact` options default is changed to `3` and the
`breakLength` options default is changed to `80`.
- version: v12.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24971
description: Internal properties no longer appear in the context argument
of a custom inspection function.
- version: v11.11.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/26269
description: The `compact` option accepts numbers for a new output mode.
- version: v11.7.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/25006
description: ArrayBuffers now also show their binary contents.
- version: v11.5.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24852
description: The `getters` option is supported now.
- version: v11.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24326
description: The `depth` default changed back to `2`.
- version: v11.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22846
description: The `depth` default changed to `20`.
- version: v11.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22756
description: The inspection output is now limited to about 128 MiB. Data
above that size will not be fully inspected.
- version: v10.12.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22788
description: The `sorted` option is supported now.
- version: v10.6.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/20725
description: Inspecting linked lists and similar objects is now possible
up to the maximum call stack size.
- version: v10.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/19259
description: The `WeakMap` and `WeakSet` entries can now be inspected
as well.
- version: v9.9.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/17576
description: The `compact` option is supported now.
- version: v6.6.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/8174
description: Custom inspection functions can now return `this`.
- version: v6.3.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/7499
description: The `breakLength` option is supported now.
- version: v6.1.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/6334
description: The `maxArrayLength` option is supported now; in particular,
long arrays are truncated by default.
- version: v6.1.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/6465
description: The `showProxy` option is supported now.
-->
* `object` {any} Any JavaScript primitive or `Object`.
* `options` {Object}
* `showHidden` {boolean} If `true`, `object`'s non-enumerable symbols and
properties are included in the formatted result. [`WeakMap`][] and
[`WeakSet`][] entries are also included as well as user defined prototype
properties (excluding method properties). **Default:** `false`.
* `depth` {number} Specifies the number of times to recurse while formatting
`object`. This is useful for inspecting large objects. To recurse up to
the maximum call stack size pass `Infinity` or `null`.
**Default:** `2`.
* `colors` {boolean} If `true`, the output is styled with ANSI color
codes. Colors are customizable. See [Customizing `util.inspect` colors][].
**Default:** `false`.
* `customInspect` {boolean} If `false`,
`[util.inspect.custom](depth, opts, inspect)` functions are not invoked.
**Default:** `true`.
* `showProxy` {boolean} If `true`, `Proxy` inspection includes
the [`target` and `handler`][] objects. **Default:** `false`.
* `maxArrayLength` {integer} Specifies the maximum number of `Array`,
[`TypedArray`][], [`Map`][], [`Set`][], [`WeakMap`][],
and [`WeakSet`][] elements to include when formatting.
Set to `null` or `Infinity` to show all elements. Set to `0` or
negative to show no elements. **Default:** `100`.
* `maxStringLength` {integer} Specifies the maximum number of characters to
include when formatting. Set to `null` or `Infinity` to show all elements.
Set to `0` or negative to show no characters. **Default:** `10000`.
* `breakLength` {integer} The length at which input values are split across
multiple lines. Set to `Infinity` to format the input as a single line
(in combination with `compact` set to `true` or any number >= `1`).
**Default:** `80`.
* `compact` {boolean|integer} Setting this to `false` causes each object key
to be displayed on a new line. It will break on new lines in text that is
longer than `breakLength`. If set to a number, the most `n` inner elements
are united on a single line as long as all properties fit into
`breakLength`. Short array elements are also grouped together. For more
information, see the example below. **Default:** `3`.
* `sorted` {boolean|Function} If set to `true` or a function, all properties
of an object, and `Set` and `Map` entries are sorted in the resulting
string. If set to `true` the [default sort][] is used. If set to a function,
it is used as a [compare function][].
* `getters` {boolean|string} If set to `true`, getters are inspected. If set
to `'get'`, only getters without a corresponding setter are inspected. If
set to `'set'`, only getters with a corresponding setter are inspected.
This might cause side effects depending on the getter function.
**Default:** `false`.
* `numericSeparator` {boolean} If set to `true`, an underscore is used to
separate every three digits in all bigints and numbers.
**Default:** `false`.
* Returns: {string} The representation of `object`.
The `util.inspect()` method returns a string representation of `object` that is
intended for debugging. The output of `util.inspect` may change at any time
and should not be depended upon programmatically. Additional `options` may be
passed that alter the result.
`util.inspect()` will use the constructor's name and/or `@@toStringTag` to make
an identifiable tag for an inspected value.
```js
class Foo {
get [Symbol.toStringTag]() {
return 'bar';
}
}
class Bar {}
const baz = Object.create(null, { [Symbol.toStringTag]: { value: 'foo' } });
util.inspect(new Foo()); // 'Foo [bar] {}'
util.inspect(new Bar()); // 'Bar {}'
util.inspect(baz); // '[foo] {}'
```
Circular references point to their anchor by using a reference index:
```js
const { inspect } = require('node:util');
const obj = {};
obj.a = [obj];
obj.b = {};
obj.b.inner = obj.b;
obj.b.obj = obj;
console.log(inspect(obj));
// <ref *1> {
// a: [ [Circular *1] ],
// b: <ref *2> { inner: [Circular *2], obj: [Circular *1] }
// }
```
The following example inspects all properties of the `util` object:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
console.log(util.inspect(util, { showHidden: true, depth: null }));
```
The following example highlights the effect of the `compact` option:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const o = {
a: [1, 2, [[
'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,\nconsectetur adipiscing elit, sed do ' +
'eiusmod \ntempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.',
'test',
'foo']], 4],
b: new Map([['za', 1], ['zb', 'test']]),
};
console.log(util.inspect(o, { compact: true, depth: 5, breakLength: 80 }));
// { a:
// [ 1,
// 2,
// [ [ 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,\nconsectetur [...]', // A long line
// 'test',
// 'foo' ] ],
// 4 ],
// b: Map(2) { 'za' => 1, 'zb' => 'test' } }
// Setting `compact` to false or an integer creates more reader friendly output.
console.log(util.inspect(o, { compact: false, depth: 5, breakLength: 80 }));
// {
// a: [
// 1,
// 2,
// [
// [
// 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,\n' +
// 'consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod \n' +
// 'tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.',
// 'test',
// 'foo'
// ]
// ],
// 4
// ],
// b: Map(2) {
// 'za' => 1,
// 'zb' => 'test'
// }
// }
// Setting `breakLength` to e.g. 150 will print the "Lorem ipsum" text in a
// single line.
```
The `showHidden` option allows [`WeakMap`][] and [`WeakSet`][] entries to be
inspected. If there are more entries than `maxArrayLength`, there is no
guarantee which entries are displayed. That means retrieving the same
[`WeakSet`][] entries twice may result in different output. Furthermore, entries
with no remaining strong references may be garbage collected at any time.
```js
const { inspect } = require('node:util');
const obj = { a: 1 };
const obj2 = { b: 2 };
const weakSet = new WeakSet([obj, obj2]);
console.log(inspect(weakSet, { showHidden: true }));
// WeakSet { { a: 1 }, { b: 2 } }
```
The `sorted` option ensures that an object's property insertion order does not
impact the result of `util.inspect()`.
```js
const { inspect } = require('node:util');
const assert = require('node:assert');
const o1 = {
b: [2, 3, 1],
a: '`a` comes before `b`',
c: new Set([2, 3, 1]),
};
console.log(inspect(o1, { sorted: true }));
// { a: '`a` comes before `b`', b: [ 2, 3, 1 ], c: Set(3) { 1, 2, 3 } }
console.log(inspect(o1, { sorted: (a, b) => b.localeCompare(a) }));
// { c: Set(3) { 3, 2, 1 }, b: [ 2, 3, 1 ], a: '`a` comes before `b`' }
const o2 = {
c: new Set([2, 1, 3]),
a: '`a` comes before `b`',
b: [2, 3, 1],
};
assert.strict.equal(
inspect(o1, { sorted: true }),
inspect(o2, { sorted: true }),
);
```
The `numericSeparator` option adds an underscore every three digits to all
numbers.
```js
const { inspect } = require('node:util');
const thousand = 1_000;
const million = 1_000_000;
const bigNumber = 123_456_789n;
const bigDecimal = 1_234.123_45;
console.log(inspect(thousand, { numericSeparator: true }));
// 1_000
console.log(inspect(million, { numericSeparator: true }));
// 1_000_000
console.log(inspect(bigNumber, { numericSeparator: true }));
// 123_456_789n
console.log(inspect(bigDecimal, { numericSeparator: true }));
// 1_234.123_45
```
`util.inspect()` is a synchronous method intended for debugging. Its maximum
output length is approximately 128 MiB. Inputs that result in longer output will
be truncated.
### Customizing `util.inspect` colors
<!-- type=misc -->
Color output (if enabled) of `util.inspect` is customizable globally
via the `util.inspect.styles` and `util.inspect.colors` properties.
`util.inspect.styles` is a map associating a style name to a color from
`util.inspect.colors`.
The default styles and associated colors are:
* `bigint`: `yellow`
* `boolean`: `yellow`
* `date`: `magenta`
* `module`: `underline`
* `name`: (no styling)
* `null`: `bold`
* `number`: `yellow`
* `regexp`: `red`
* `special`: `cyan` (e.g., `Proxies`)
* `string`: `green`
* `symbol`: `green`
* `undefined`: `grey`
Color styling uses ANSI control codes that may not be supported on all
terminals. To verify color support use [`tty.hasColors()`][].
Predefined control codes are listed below (grouped as "Modifiers", "Foreground
colors", and "Background colors").
#### Modifiers
Modifier support varies throughout different terminals. They will mostly be
ignored, if not supported.
* `reset` - Resets all (color) modifiers to their defaults
* **bold** - Make text bold
* _italic_ - Make text italic
* <span style="border-bottom: 1px;">underline</span> - Make text underlined
* ~~strikethrough~~ - Puts a horizontal line through the center of the text
(Alias: `strikeThrough`, `crossedout`, `crossedOut`)
* `hidden` - Prints the text, but makes it invisible (Alias: conceal)
* <span style="opacity: 0.5;">dim</span> - Decreased color intensity (Alias:
`faint`)
* <span style="border-top: 1px">overlined</span> - Make text overlined
* blink - Hides and shows the text in an interval
* <span style="filter: invert(100%)">inverse</span> - Swap foreground and
background colors (Alias: `swapcolors`, `swapColors`)
* <span style="border-bottom: 1px double;">doubleunderline</span> - Make text
double underlined (Alias: `doubleUnderline`)
* <span style="border: 1px">framed</span> - Draw a frame around the text
#### Foreground colors
* `black`
* `red`
* `green`
* `yellow`
* `blue`
* `magenta`
* `cyan`
* `white`
* `gray` (alias: `grey`, `blackBright`)
* `redBright`
* `greenBright`
* `yellowBright`
* `blueBright`
* `magentaBright`
* `cyanBright`
* `whiteBright`
#### Background colors
* `bgBlack`
* `bgRed`
* `bgGreen`
* `bgYellow`
* `bgBlue`
* `bgMagenta`
* `bgCyan`
* `bgWhite`
* `bgGray` (alias: `bgGrey`, `bgBlackBright`)
* `bgRedBright`
* `bgGreenBright`
* `bgYellowBright`
* `bgBlueBright`
* `bgMagentaBright`
* `bgCyanBright`
* `bgWhiteBright`
### Custom inspection functions on objects
<!-- type=misc -->
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.97
changes:
- version:
- v17.3.0
- v16.14.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/41019
description: The inspect argument is added for more interoperability.
-->
Objects may also define their own
[`[util.inspect.custom](depth, opts, inspect)`][util.inspect.custom] function,
which `util.inspect()` will invoke and use the result of when inspecting
the object.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
class Box {
constructor(value) {
this.value = value;
}
[util.inspect.custom](depth, options, inspect) {
if (depth < 0) {
return options.stylize('[Box]', 'special');
}
const newOptions = Object.assign({}, options, {
depth: options.depth === null ? null : options.depth - 1,
});
// Five space padding because that's the size of "Box< ".
const padding = ' '.repeat(5);
const inner = inspect(this.value, newOptions)
.replace(/\n/g, `\n${padding}`);
return `${options.stylize('Box', 'special')}< ${inner} >`;
}
}
const box = new Box(true);
util.inspect(box);
// Returns: "Box< true >"
```
Custom `[util.inspect.custom](depth, opts, inspect)` functions typically return
a string but may return a value of any type that will be formatted accordingly
by `util.inspect()`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const obj = { foo: 'this will not show up in the inspect() output' };
obj[util.inspect.custom] = (depth) => {
return { bar: 'baz' };
};
util.inspect(obj);
// Returns: "{ bar: 'baz' }"
```
### `util.inspect.custom`
<!-- YAML
added: v6.6.0
changes:
- version: v10.12.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/20857
description: This is now defined as a shared symbol.
-->
* {symbol} that can be used to declare custom inspect functions.
In addition to being accessible through `util.inspect.custom`, this
symbol is [registered globally][global symbol registry] and can be
accessed in any environment as `Symbol.for('nodejs.util.inspect.custom')`.
Using this allows code to be written in a portable fashion, so that the custom
inspect function is used in an Node.js environment and ignored in the browser.
The `util.inspect()` function itself is passed as third argument to the custom
inspect function to allow further portability.
```js
const customInspectSymbol = Symbol.for('nodejs.util.inspect.custom');
class Password {
constructor(value) {
this.value = value;
}
toString() {
return 'xxxxxxxx';
}
[customInspectSymbol](depth, inspectOptions, inspect) {
return `Password <${this.toString()}>`;
}
}
const password = new Password('r0sebud');
console.log(password);
// Prints Password <xxxxxxxx>
```
See [Custom inspection functions on Objects][] for more details.
### `util.inspect.defaultOptions`
<!-- YAML
added: v6.4.0
-->
The `defaultOptions` value allows customization of the default options used by
`util.inspect`. This is useful for functions like `console.log` or
`util.format` which implicitly call into `util.inspect`. It shall be set to an
object containing one or more valid [`util.inspect()`][] options. Setting
option properties directly is also supported.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const arr = Array(101).fill(0);
console.log(arr); // Logs the truncated array
util.inspect.defaultOptions.maxArrayLength = null;
console.log(arr); // logs the full array
```
## `util.isDeepStrictEqual(val1, val2)`
<!-- YAML
added: v9.0.0
-->
* `val1` {any}
* `val2` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if there is deep strict equality between `val1` and `val2`.
Otherwise, returns `false`.
See [`assert.deepStrictEqual()`][] for more information about deep strict
equality.
## Class: `util.MIMEType`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v19.1.0
- v18.13.0
-->
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
An implementation of [the MIMEType class](https://bmeck.github.io/node-proposal-mime-api/).
In accordance with browser conventions, all properties of `MIMEType` objects
are implemented as getters and setters on the class prototype, rather than as
data properties on the object itself.
A MIME string is a structured string containing multiple meaningful
components. When parsed, a `MIMEType` object is returned containing
properties for each of these components.
### Constructor: `new MIMEType(input)`
* `input` {string} The input MIME to parse
Creates a new `MIMEType` object by parsing the `input`.
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/plain');
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/plain');
```
A `TypeError` will be thrown if the `input` is not a valid MIME. Note
that an effort will be made to coerce the given values into strings. For
instance:
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const myMIME = new MIMEType({ toString: () => 'text/plain' });
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: text/plain
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const myMIME = new MIMEType({ toString: () => 'text/plain' });
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: text/plain
```
### `mime.type`
* {string}
Gets and sets the type portion of the MIME.
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/javascript');
console.log(myMIME.type);
// Prints: text
myMIME.type = 'application';
console.log(myMIME.type);
// Prints: application
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: application/javascript
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/javascript');
console.log(myMIME.type);
// Prints: text
myMIME.type = 'application';
console.log(myMIME.type);
// Prints: application
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: application/javascript
```
### `mime.subtype`
* {string}
Gets and sets the subtype portion of the MIME.
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/ecmascript');
console.log(myMIME.subtype);
// Prints: ecmascript
myMIME.subtype = 'javascript';
console.log(myMIME.subtype);
// Prints: javascript
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: text/javascript
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/ecmascript');
console.log(myMIME.subtype);
// Prints: ecmascript
myMIME.subtype = 'javascript';
console.log(myMIME.subtype);
// Prints: javascript
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: text/javascript
```
### `mime.essence`
* {string}
Gets the essence of the MIME. This property is read only.
Use `mime.type` or `mime.subtype` to alter the MIME.
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/javascript;key=value');
console.log(myMIME.essence);
// Prints: text/javascript
myMIME.type = 'application';
console.log(myMIME.essence);
// Prints: application/javascript
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: application/javascript;key=value
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const myMIME = new MIMEType('text/javascript;key=value');
console.log(myMIME.essence);
// Prints: text/javascript
myMIME.type = 'application';
console.log(myMIME.essence);
// Prints: application/javascript
console.log(String(myMIME));
// Prints: application/javascript;key=value
```
### `mime.params`
* {MIMEParams}
Gets the [`MIMEParams`][] object representing the
parameters of the MIME. This property is read-only. See
[`MIMEParams`][] documentation for details.
### `mime.toString()`
* Returns: {string}
The `toString()` method on the `MIMEType` object returns the serialized MIME.
Because of the need for standard compliance, this method does not allow users
to customize the serialization process of the MIME.
### `mime.toJSON()`
* Returns: {string}
Alias for [`mime.toString()`][].
This method is automatically called when an `MIMEType` object is serialized
with [`JSON.stringify()`][].
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const myMIMES = [
new MIMEType('image/png'),
new MIMEType('image/gif'),
];
console.log(JSON.stringify(myMIMES));
// Prints: ["image/png", "image/gif"]
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const myMIMES = [
new MIMEType('image/png'),
new MIMEType('image/gif'),
];
console.log(JSON.stringify(myMIMES));
// Prints: ["image/png", "image/gif"]
```
## Class: `util.MIMEParams`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v19.1.0
- v18.13.0
-->
The `MIMEParams` API provides read and write access to the parameters of a
`MIMEType`.
### Constructor: `new MIMEParams()`
Creates a new `MIMEParams` object by with empty parameters
```mjs
import { MIMEParams } from 'node:util';
const myParams = new MIMEParams();
```
```cjs
const { MIMEParams } = require('node:util');
const myParams = new MIMEParams();
```
### `mimeParams.delete(name)`
* `name` {string}
Remove all name-value pairs whose name is `name`.
### `mimeParams.entries()`
* Returns: {Iterator}
Returns an iterator over each of the name-value pairs in the parameters.
Each item of the iterator is a JavaScript `Array`. The first item of the array
is the `name`, the second item of the array is the `value`.
### `mimeParams.get(name)`
* `name` {string}
* Returns: {string | null} A string or `null` if there is no name-value pair
with the given `name`.
Returns the value of the first name-value pair whose name is `name`. If there
are no such pairs, `null` is returned.
### `mimeParams.has(name)`
* `name` {string}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if there is at least one name-value pair whose name is `name`.
### `mimeParams.keys()`
* Returns: {Iterator}
Returns an iterator over the names of each name-value pair.
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const { params } = new MIMEType('text/plain;foo=0;bar=1');
for (const name of params.keys()) {
console.log(name);
}
// Prints:
// foo
// bar
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const { params } = new MIMEType('text/plain;foo=0;bar=1');
for (const name of params.keys()) {
console.log(name);
}
// Prints:
// foo
// bar
```
### `mimeParams.set(name, value)`
* `name` {string}
* `value` {string}
Sets the value in the `MIMEParams` object associated with `name` to
`value`. If there are any pre-existing name-value pairs whose names are `name`,
set the first such pair's value to `value`.
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const { params } = new MIMEType('text/plain;foo=0;bar=1');
params.set('foo', 'def');
params.set('baz', 'xyz');
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints: foo=def;bar=1;baz=xyz
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const { params } = new MIMEType('text/plain;foo=0;bar=1');
params.set('foo', 'def');
params.set('baz', 'xyz');
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints: foo=def;bar=1;baz=xyz
```
### `mimeParams.values()`
* Returns: {Iterator}
Returns an iterator over the values of each name-value pair.
### `mimeParams[@@iterator]()`
* Returns: {Iterator}
Alias for [`mimeParams.entries()`][].
```mjs
import { MIMEType } from 'node:util';
const { params } = new MIMEType('text/plain;foo=bar;xyz=baz');
for (const [name, value] of params) {
console.log(name, value);
}
// Prints:
// foo bar
// xyz baz
```
```cjs
const { MIMEType } = require('node:util');
const { params } = new MIMEType('text/plain;foo=bar;xyz=baz');
for (const [name, value] of params) {
console.log(name, value);
}
// Prints:
// foo bar
// xyz baz
```
## `util.parseArgs([config])`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v18.3.0
- v16.17.0
changes:
- version: v20.16.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/53107
description: add support for allowing negative options in input `config`.
- version:
- v20.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/46718
description: The API is no longer experimental.
- version:
- v18.11.0
- v16.19.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/44631
description: Add support for default values in input `config`.
- version:
- v18.7.0
- v16.17.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/43459
description: add support for returning detailed parse information
using `tokens` in input `config` and returned properties.
-->
* `config` {Object} Used to provide arguments for parsing and to configure
the parser. `config` supports the following properties:
* `args` {string\[]} array of argument strings. **Default:** `process.argv`
with `execPath` and `filename` removed.
* `options` {Object} Used to describe arguments known to the parser.
Keys of `options` are the long names of options and values are an
{Object} accepting the following properties:
* `type` {string} Type of argument, which must be either `boolean` or `string`.
* `multiple` {boolean} Whether this option can be provided multiple
times. If `true`, all values will be collected in an array. If
`false`, values for the option are last-wins. **Default:** `false`.
* `short` {string} A single character alias for the option.
* `default` {string | boolean | string\[] | boolean\[]} The default option
value when it is not set by args. It must be of the same type as the
`type` property. When `multiple` is `true`, it must be an array.
* `strict` {boolean} Should an error be thrown when unknown arguments
are encountered, or when arguments are passed that do not match the
`type` configured in `options`.
**Default:** `true`.
* `allowPositionals` {boolean} Whether this command accepts positional
arguments.
**Default:** `false` if `strict` is `true`, otherwise `true`.
* `allowNegative` {boolean} If `true`, allows explicitly setting boolean
options to `false` by prefixing the option name with `--no-`.
**Default:** `false`.
* `tokens` {boolean} Return the parsed tokens. This is useful for extending
the built-in behavior, from adding additional checks through to reprocessing
the tokens in different ways.
**Default:** `false`.
* Returns: {Object} The parsed command line arguments:
* `values` {Object} A mapping of parsed option names with their {string}
or {boolean} values.
* `positionals` {string\[]} Positional arguments.
* `tokens` {Object\[] | undefined} See [parseArgs tokens](#parseargs-tokens)
section. Only returned if `config` includes `tokens: true`.
Provides a higher level API for command-line argument parsing than interacting
with `process.argv` directly. Takes a specification for the expected arguments
and returns a structured object with the parsed options and positionals.
```mjs
import { parseArgs } from 'node:util';
const args = ['-f', '--bar', 'b'];
const options = {
foo: {
type: 'boolean',
short: 'f',
},
bar: {
type: 'string',
},
};
const {
values,
positionals,
} = parseArgs({ args, options });
console.log(values, positionals);
// Prints: [Object: null prototype] { foo: true, bar: 'b' } []
```
```cjs
const { parseArgs } = require('node:util');
const args = ['-f', '--bar', 'b'];
const options = {
foo: {
type: 'boolean',
short: 'f',
},
bar: {
type: 'string',
},
};
const {
values,
positionals,
} = parseArgs({ args, options });
console.log(values, positionals);
// Prints: [Object: null prototype] { foo: true, bar: 'b' } []
```
### `parseArgs` `tokens`
Detailed parse information is available for adding custom behaviors by
specifying `tokens: true` in the configuration.
The returned tokens have properties describing:
* all tokens
* `kind` {string} One of 'option', 'positional', or 'option-terminator'.
* `index` {number} Index of element in `args` containing token. So the
source argument for a token is `args[token.index]`.
* option tokens
* `name` {string} Long name of option.
* `rawName` {string} How option used in args, like `-f` of `--foo`.
* `value` {string | undefined} Option value specified in args.
Undefined for boolean options.
* `inlineValue` {boolean | undefined} Whether option value specified inline,
like `--foo=bar`.
* positional tokens
* `value` {string} The value of the positional argument in args (i.e. `args[index]`).
* option-terminator token
The returned tokens are in the order encountered in the input args. Options
that appear more than once in args produce a token for each use. Short option
groups like `-xy` expand to a token for each option. So `-xxx` produces
three tokens.
For example, to add support for a negated option like `--no-color` (which
`allowNegative` supports when the option is of `boolean` type), the returned
tokens can be reprocessed to change the value stored for the negated option.
```mjs
import { parseArgs } from 'node:util';
const options = {
'color': { type: 'boolean' },
'no-color': { type: 'boolean' },
'logfile': { type: 'string' },
'no-logfile': { type: 'boolean' },
};
const { values, tokens } = parseArgs({ options, tokens: true });
// Reprocess the option tokens and overwrite the returned values.
tokens
.filter((token) => token.kind === 'option')
.forEach((token) => {
if (token.name.startsWith('no-')) {
// Store foo:false for --no-foo
const positiveName = token.name.slice(3);
values[positiveName] = false;
delete values[token.name];
} else {
// Resave value so last one wins if both --foo and --no-foo.
values[token.name] = token.value ?? true;
}
});
const color = values.color;
const logfile = values.logfile ?? 'default.log';
console.log({ logfile, color });
```
```cjs
const { parseArgs } = require('node:util');
const options = {
'color': { type: 'boolean' },
'no-color': { type: 'boolean' },
'logfile': { type: 'string' },
'no-logfile': { type: 'boolean' },
};
const { values, tokens } = parseArgs({ options, tokens: true });
// Reprocess the option tokens and overwrite the returned values.
tokens
.filter((token) => token.kind === 'option')
.forEach((token) => {
if (token.name.startsWith('no-')) {
// Store foo:false for --no-foo
const positiveName = token.name.slice(3);
values[positiveName] = false;
delete values[token.name];
} else {
// Resave value so last one wins if both --foo and --no-foo.
values[token.name] = token.value ?? true;
}
});
const color = values.color;
const logfile = values.logfile ?? 'default.log';
console.log({ logfile, color });
```
Example usage showing negated options, and when an option is used
multiple ways then last one wins.
```console
$ node negate.js
{ logfile: 'default.log', color: undefined }
$ node negate.js --no-logfile --no-color
{ logfile: false, color: false }
$ node negate.js --logfile=test.log --color
{ logfile: 'test.log', color: true }
$ node negate.js --no-logfile --logfile=test.log --color --no-color
{ logfile: 'test.log', color: false }
```
## `util.parseEnv(content)`
> Stability: 1.1 - Active development
<!-- YAML
added: v20.12.0
-->
* `content` {string}
The raw contents of a `.env` file.
* Returns: {Object}
Given an example `.env` file:
```cjs
const { parseEnv } = require('node:util');
parseEnv('HELLO=world\nHELLO=oh my\n');
// Returns: { HELLO: 'oh my' }
```
```mjs
import { parseEnv } from 'node:util';
parseEnv('HELLO=world\nHELLO=oh my\n');
// Returns: { HELLO: 'oh my' }
```
## `util.promisify(original)`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.0.0
changes:
- version: v20.8.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49647
description: Calling `promisify` on a function that returns a `Promise` is
deprecated.
-->
* `original` {Function}
* Returns: {Function}
Takes a function following the common error-first callback style, i.e. taking
an `(err, value) => ...` callback as the last argument, and returns a version
that returns promises.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const stat = util.promisify(fs.stat);
stat('.').then((stats) => {
// Do something with `stats`
}).catch((error) => {
// Handle the error.
});
```
Or, equivalently using `async function`s:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const stat = util.promisify(fs.stat);
async function callStat() {
const stats = await stat('.');
console.log(`This directory is owned by ${stats.uid}`);
}
callStat();
```
If there is an `original[util.promisify.custom]` property present, `promisify`
will return its value, see [Custom promisified functions][].
`promisify()` assumes that `original` is a function taking a callback as its
final argument in all cases. If `original` is not a function, `promisify()`
will throw an error. If `original` is a function but its last argument is not
an error-first callback, it will still be passed an error-first
callback as its last argument.
Using `promisify()` on class methods or other methods that use `this` may not
work as expected unless handled specially:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
class Foo {
constructor() {
this.a = 42;
}
bar(callback) {
callback(null, this.a);
}
}
const foo = new Foo();
const naiveBar = util.promisify(foo.bar);
// TypeError: Cannot read property 'a' of undefined
// naiveBar().then(a => console.log(a));
naiveBar.call(foo).then((a) => console.log(a)); // '42'
const bindBar = naiveBar.bind(foo);
bindBar().then((a) => console.log(a)); // '42'
```
### Custom promisified functions
Using the `util.promisify.custom` symbol one can override the return value of
[`util.promisify()`][]:
```js
const util = require('node:util');
function doSomething(foo, callback) {
// ...
}
doSomething[util.promisify.custom] = (foo) => {
return getPromiseSomehow();
};
const promisified = util.promisify(doSomething);
console.log(promisified === doSomething[util.promisify.custom]);
// prints 'true'
```
This can be useful for cases where the original function does not follow the
standard format of taking an error-first callback as the last argument.
For example, with a function that takes in
`(foo, onSuccessCallback, onErrorCallback)`:
```js
doSomething[util.promisify.custom] = (foo) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
doSomething(foo, resolve, reject);
});
};
```
If `promisify.custom` is defined but is not a function, `promisify()` will
throw an error.
### `util.promisify.custom`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.0.0
changes:
- version:
- v13.12.0
- v12.16.2
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31672
description: This is now defined as a shared symbol.
-->
* {symbol} that can be used to declare custom promisified variants of functions,
see [Custom promisified functions][].
In addition to being accessible through `util.promisify.custom`, this
symbol is [registered globally][global symbol registry] and can be
accessed in any environment as `Symbol.for('nodejs.util.promisify.custom')`.
For example, with a function that takes in
`(foo, onSuccessCallback, onErrorCallback)`:
```js
const kCustomPromisifiedSymbol = Symbol.for('nodejs.util.promisify.custom');
doSomething[kCustomPromisifiedSymbol] = (foo) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
doSomething(foo, resolve, reject);
});
};
```
## `util.stripVTControlCharacters(str)`
<!-- YAML
added: v16.11.0
-->
* `str` {string}
* Returns: {string}
Returns `str` with any ANSI escape codes removed.
```js
console.log(util.stripVTControlCharacters('\u001B[4mvalue\u001B[0m'));
// Prints "value"
```
## `util.styleText(format, text[, options])`
> Stability: 1.1 - Active development
<!-- YAML
added: v20.12.0
changes:
- version: v20.18.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/54389
description: Respect isTTY and environment variables
such as NO_COLORS, NODE_DISABLE_COLORS, and FORCE_COLOR.
-->
* `format` {string | Array} A text format or an Array
of text formats defined in `util.inspect.colors`.
* `text` {string} The text to to be formatted.
* `options` {Object}
* `validateStream` {boolean} When true, `stream` is checked to see if it can handle colors. **Default:** `true`.
* `stream` {Stream} A stream that will be validated if it can be colored. **Default:** `process.stdout`.
This function returns a formatted text considering the `format` passed
for printing in a terminal. It is aware of the terminal's capabilities
and acts according to the configuration set via `NO_COLORS`,
`NODE_DISABLE_COLORS` and `FORCE_COLOR` environment variables.
```mjs
import { styleText } from 'node:util';
import { stderr } from 'node:process';
const successMessage = styleText('green', 'Success!');
console.log(successMessage);
const errorMessage = styleText(
'red',
'Error! Error!',
// Validate if process.stderr has TTY
{ stream: stderr },
);
console.error(successMessage);
```
```cjs
const { styleText } = require('node:util');
const { stderr } = require('node:process');
const successMessage = styleText('green', 'Success!');
console.log(successMessage);
const errorMessage = styleText(
'red',
'Error! Error!',
// Validate if process.stderr has TTY
{ stream: stderr },
);
console.error(successMessage);
```
`util.inspect.colors` also provides text formats such as `italic`, and
`underline` and you can combine both:
```cjs
console.log(
util.styleText(['underline', 'italic'], 'My italic underlined message'),
);
```
When passing an array of formats, the order of the format applied
is left to right so the following style might overwrite the previous one.
```cjs
console.log(
util.styleText(['red', 'green'], 'text'), // green
);
```
The full list of formats can be found in [modifiers][].
## Class: `util.TextDecoder`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.3.0
-->
An implementation of the [WHATWG Encoding Standard][] `TextDecoder` API.
```js
const decoder = new TextDecoder();
const u8arr = new Uint8Array([72, 101, 108, 108, 111]);
console.log(decoder.decode(u8arr)); // Hello
```
### WHATWG supported encodings
Per the [WHATWG Encoding Standard][], the encodings supported by the
`TextDecoder` API are outlined in the tables below. For each encoding,
one or more aliases may be used.
Different Node.js build configurations support different sets of encodings.
(see [Internationalization][])
#### Encodings supported by default (with full ICU data)
| Encoding | Aliases |
| ------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `'ibm866'` | `'866'`, `'cp866'`, `'csibm866'` |
| `'iso-8859-2'` | `'csisolatin2'`, `'iso-ir-101'`, `'iso8859-2'`, `'iso88592'`, `'iso_8859-2'`, `'iso_8859-2:1987'`, `'l2'`, `'latin2'` |
| `'iso-8859-3'` | `'csisolatin3'`, `'iso-ir-109'`, `'iso8859-3'`, `'iso88593'`, `'iso_8859-3'`, `'iso_8859-3:1988'`, `'l3'`, `'latin3'` |
| `'iso-8859-4'` | `'csisolatin4'`, `'iso-ir-110'`, `'iso8859-4'`, `'iso88594'`, `'iso_8859-4'`, `'iso_8859-4:1988'`, `'l4'`, `'latin4'` |
| `'iso-8859-5'` | `'csisolatincyrillic'`, `'cyrillic'`, `'iso-ir-144'`, `'iso8859-5'`, `'iso88595'`, `'iso_8859-5'`, `'iso_8859-5:1988'` |
| `'iso-8859-6'` | `'arabic'`, `'asmo-708'`, `'csiso88596e'`, `'csiso88596i'`, `'csisolatinarabic'`, `'ecma-114'`, `'iso-8859-6-e'`, `'iso-8859-6-i'`, `'iso-ir-127'`, `'iso8859-6'`, `'iso88596'`, `'iso_8859-6'`, `'iso_8859-6:1987'` |
| `'iso-8859-7'` | `'csisolatingreek'`, `'ecma-118'`, `'elot_928'`, `'greek'`, `'greek8'`, `'iso-ir-126'`, `'iso8859-7'`, `'iso88597'`, `'iso_8859-7'`, `'iso_8859-7:1987'`, `'sun_eu_greek'` |
| `'iso-8859-8'` | `'csiso88598e'`, `'csisolatinhebrew'`, `'hebrew'`, `'iso-8859-8-e'`, `'iso-ir-138'`, `'iso8859-8'`, `'iso88598'`, `'iso_8859-8'`, `'iso_8859-8:1988'`, `'visual'` |
| `'iso-8859-8-i'` | `'csiso88598i'`, `'logical'` |
| `'iso-8859-10'` | `'csisolatin6'`, `'iso-ir-157'`, `'iso8859-10'`, `'iso885910'`, `'l6'`, `'latin6'` |
| `'iso-8859-13'` | `'iso8859-13'`, `'iso885913'` |
| `'iso-8859-14'` | `'iso8859-14'`, `'iso885914'` |
| `'iso-8859-15'` | `'csisolatin9'`, `'iso8859-15'`, `'iso885915'`, `'iso_8859-15'`, `'l9'` |
| `'koi8-r'` | `'cskoi8r'`, `'koi'`, `'koi8'`, `'koi8_r'` |
| `'koi8-u'` | `'koi8-ru'` |
| `'macintosh'` | `'csmacintosh'`, `'mac'`, `'x-mac-roman'` |
| `'windows-874'` | `'dos-874'`, `'iso-8859-11'`, `'iso8859-11'`, `'iso885911'`, `'tis-620'` |
| `'windows-1250'` | `'cp1250'`, `'x-cp1250'` |
| `'windows-1251'` | `'cp1251'`, `'x-cp1251'` |
| `'windows-1252'` | `'ansi_x3.4-1968'`, `'ascii'`, `'cp1252'`, `'cp819'`, `'csisolatin1'`, `'ibm819'`, `'iso-8859-1'`, `'iso-ir-100'`, `'iso8859-1'`, `'iso88591'`, `'iso_8859-1'`, `'iso_8859-1:1987'`, `'l1'`, `'latin1'`, `'us-ascii'`, `'x-cp1252'` |
| `'windows-1253'` | `'cp1253'`, `'x-cp1253'` |
| `'windows-1254'` | `'cp1254'`, `'csisolatin5'`, `'iso-8859-9'`, `'iso-ir-148'`, `'iso8859-9'`, `'iso88599'`, `'iso_8859-9'`, `'iso_8859-9:1989'`, `'l5'`, `'latin5'`, `'x-cp1254'` |
| `'windows-1255'` | `'cp1255'`, `'x-cp1255'` |
| `'windows-1256'` | `'cp1256'`, `'x-cp1256'` |
| `'windows-1257'` | `'cp1257'`, `'x-cp1257'` |
| `'windows-1258'` | `'cp1258'`, `'x-cp1258'` |
| `'x-mac-cyrillic'` | `'x-mac-ukrainian'` |
| `'gbk'` | `'chinese'`, `'csgb2312'`, `'csiso58gb231280'`, `'gb2312'`, `'gb_2312'`, `'gb_2312-80'`, `'iso-ir-58'`, `'x-gbk'` |
| `'gb18030'` | |
| `'big5'` | `'big5-hkscs'`, `'cn-big5'`, `'csbig5'`, `'x-x-big5'` |
| `'euc-jp'` | `'cseucpkdfmtjapanese'`, `'x-euc-jp'` |
| `'iso-2022-jp'` | `'csiso2022jp'` |
| `'shift_jis'` | `'csshiftjis'`, `'ms932'`, `'ms_kanji'`, `'shift-jis'`, `'sjis'`, `'windows-31j'`, `'x-sjis'` |
| `'euc-kr'` | `'cseuckr'`, `'csksc56011987'`, `'iso-ir-149'`, `'korean'`, `'ks_c_5601-1987'`, `'ks_c_5601-1989'`, `'ksc5601'`, `'ksc_5601'`, `'windows-949'` |
#### Encodings supported when Node.js is built with the `small-icu` option
| Encoding | Aliases |
| ------------ | ------------------------------- |
| `'utf-8'` | `'unicode-1-1-utf-8'`, `'utf8'` |
| `'utf-16le'` | `'utf-16'` |
| `'utf-16be'` | |
#### Encodings supported when ICU is disabled
| Encoding | Aliases |
| ------------ | ------------------------------- |
| `'utf-8'` | `'unicode-1-1-utf-8'`, `'utf8'` |
| `'utf-16le'` | `'utf-16'` |
The `'iso-8859-16'` encoding listed in the [WHATWG Encoding Standard][]
is not supported.
### `new TextDecoder([encoding[, options]])`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.3.0
changes:
- version: v11.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22281
description: The class is now available on the global object.
-->
* `encoding` {string} Identifies the `encoding` that this `TextDecoder` instance
supports. **Default:** `'utf-8'`.
* `options` {Object}
* `fatal` {boolean} `true` if decoding failures are fatal.
This option is not supported when ICU is disabled
(see [Internationalization][]). **Default:** `false`.
* `ignoreBOM` {boolean} When `true`, the `TextDecoder` will include the byte
order mark in the decoded result. When `false`, the byte order mark will
be removed from the output. This option is only used when `encoding` is
`'utf-8'`, `'utf-16be'`, or `'utf-16le'`. **Default:** `false`.
Creates a new `TextDecoder` instance. The `encoding` may specify one of the
supported encodings or an alias.
The `TextDecoder` class is also available on the global object.
### `textDecoder.decode([input[, options]])`
* `input` {ArrayBuffer|DataView|TypedArray} An `ArrayBuffer`, `DataView`, or
`TypedArray` instance containing the encoded data.
* `options` {Object}
* `stream` {boolean} `true` if additional chunks of data are expected.
**Default:** `false`.
* Returns: {string}
Decodes the `input` and returns a string. If `options.stream` is `true`, any
incomplete byte sequences occurring at the end of the `input` are buffered
internally and emitted after the next call to `textDecoder.decode()`.
If `textDecoder.fatal` is `true`, decoding errors that occur will result in a
`TypeError` being thrown.
### `textDecoder.encoding`
* {string}
The encoding supported by the `TextDecoder` instance.
### `textDecoder.fatal`
* {boolean}
The value will be `true` if decoding errors result in a `TypeError` being
thrown.
### `textDecoder.ignoreBOM`
* {boolean}
The value will be `true` if the decoding result will include the byte order
mark.
## Class: `util.TextEncoder`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.3.0
changes:
- version: v11.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22281
description: The class is now available on the global object.
-->
An implementation of the [WHATWG Encoding Standard][] `TextEncoder` API. All
instances of `TextEncoder` only support UTF-8 encoding.
```js
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
const uint8array = encoder.encode('this is some data');
```
The `TextEncoder` class is also available on the global object.
### `textEncoder.encode([input])`
* `input` {string} The text to encode. **Default:** an empty string.
* Returns: {Uint8Array}
UTF-8 encodes the `input` string and returns a `Uint8Array` containing the
encoded bytes.
### `textEncoder.encodeInto(src, dest)`
* `src` {string} The text to encode.
* `dest` {Uint8Array} The array to hold the encode result.
* Returns: {Object}
* `read` {number} The read Unicode code units of src.
* `written` {number} The written UTF-8 bytes of dest.
UTF-8 encodes the `src` string to the `dest` Uint8Array and returns an object
containing the read Unicode code units and written UTF-8 bytes.
```js
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
const src = 'this is some data';
const dest = new Uint8Array(10);
const { read, written } = encoder.encodeInto(src, dest);
```
### `textEncoder.encoding`
* {string}
The encoding supported by the `TextEncoder` instance. Always set to `'utf-8'`.
## `util.toUSVString(string)`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v16.8.0
- v14.18.0
-->
* `string` {string}
Returns the `string` after replacing any surrogate code points
(or equivalently, any unpaired surrogate code units) with the
Unicode "replacement character" U+FFFD.
## `util.transferableAbortController()`
<!-- YAML
added: v18.11.0
-->
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
Creates and returns an {AbortController} instance whose {AbortSignal} is marked
as transferable and can be used with `structuredClone()` or `postMessage()`.
## `util.transferableAbortSignal(signal)`
<!-- YAML
added: v18.11.0
-->
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
* `signal` {AbortSignal}
* Returns: {AbortSignal}
Marks the given {AbortSignal} as transferable so that it can be used with
`structuredClone()` and `postMessage()`.
```js
const signal = transferableAbortSignal(AbortSignal.timeout(100));
const channel = new MessageChannel();
channel.port2.postMessage(signal, [signal]);
```
## `util.aborted(signal, resource)`
<!-- YAML
added: v19.7.0
-->
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
* `signal` {AbortSignal}
* `resource` {Object} Any non-null entity, reference to which is held weakly.
* Returns: {Promise}
Listens to abort event on the provided `signal` and
returns a promise that is fulfilled when the `signal` is
aborted. If the passed `resource` is garbage collected before the `signal` is
aborted, the returned promise shall remain pending indefinitely.
```cjs
const { aborted } = require('node:util');
const dependent = obtainSomethingAbortable();
aborted(dependent.signal, dependent).then(() => {
// Do something when dependent is aborted.
});
dependent.on('event', () => {
dependent.abort();
});
```
```mjs
import { aborted } from 'node:util';
const dependent = obtainSomethingAbortable();
aborted(dependent.signal, dependent).then(() => {
// Do something when dependent is aborted.
});
dependent.on('event', () => {
dependent.abort();
});
```
## `util.types`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
changes:
- version: v15.3.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/34055
description: Exposed as `require('util/types')`.
-->
`util.types` provides type checks for different kinds of built-in objects.
Unlike `instanceof` or `Object.prototype.toString.call(value)`, these checks do
not inspect properties of the object that are accessible from JavaScript (like
their prototype), and usually have the overhead of calling into C++.
The result generally does not make any guarantees about what kinds of
properties or behavior a value exposes in JavaScript. They are primarily
useful for addon developers who prefer to do type checking in JavaScript.
The API is accessible via `require('node:util').types` or `require('node:util/types')`.
### `util.types.isAnyArrayBuffer(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`ArrayBuffer`][] or
[`SharedArrayBuffer`][] instance.
See also [`util.types.isArrayBuffer()`][] and
[`util.types.isSharedArrayBuffer()`][].
```js
util.types.isAnyArrayBuffer(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns true
util.types.isAnyArrayBuffer(new SharedArrayBuffer()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isArrayBufferView(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is an instance of one of the [`ArrayBuffer`][]
views, such as typed array objects or [`DataView`][]. Equivalent to
[`ArrayBuffer.isView()`][].
```js
util.types.isArrayBufferView(new Int8Array()); // true
util.types.isArrayBufferView(Buffer.from('hello world')); // true
util.types.isArrayBufferView(new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(16))); // true
util.types.isArrayBufferView(new ArrayBuffer()); // false
```
### `util.types.isArgumentsObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is an `arguments` object.
<!-- eslint-disable prefer-rest-params -->
```js
function foo() {
util.types.isArgumentsObject(arguments); // Returns true
}
```
### `util.types.isArrayBuffer(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`ArrayBuffer`][] instance.
This does _not_ include [`SharedArrayBuffer`][] instances. Usually, it is
desirable to test for both; See [`util.types.isAnyArrayBuffer()`][] for that.
```js
util.types.isArrayBuffer(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns true
util.types.isArrayBuffer(new SharedArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isAsyncFunction(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is an [async function][].
This only reports back what the JavaScript engine is seeing;
in particular, the return value may not match the original source code if
a transpilation tool was used.
```js
util.types.isAsyncFunction(function foo() {}); // Returns false
util.types.isAsyncFunction(async function foo() {}); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isBigInt64Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a `BigInt64Array` instance.
```js
util.types.isBigInt64Array(new BigInt64Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isBigInt64Array(new BigUint64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isBigUint64Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a `BigUint64Array` instance.
```js
util.types.isBigUint64Array(new BigInt64Array()); // Returns false
util.types.isBigUint64Array(new BigUint64Array()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isBooleanObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a boolean object, e.g. created
by `new Boolean()`.
```js
util.types.isBooleanObject(false); // Returns false
util.types.isBooleanObject(true); // Returns false
util.types.isBooleanObject(new Boolean(false)); // Returns true
util.types.isBooleanObject(new Boolean(true)); // Returns true
util.types.isBooleanObject(Boolean(false)); // Returns false
util.types.isBooleanObject(Boolean(true)); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isBoxedPrimitive(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.11.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is any boxed primitive object, e.g. created
by `new Boolean()`, `new String()` or `Object(Symbol())`.
For example:
```js
util.types.isBoxedPrimitive(false); // Returns false
util.types.isBoxedPrimitive(new Boolean(false)); // Returns true
util.types.isBoxedPrimitive(Symbol('foo')); // Returns false
util.types.isBoxedPrimitive(Object(Symbol('foo'))); // Returns true
util.types.isBoxedPrimitive(Object(BigInt(5))); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isCryptoKey(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v16.2.0
-->
* `value` {Object}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if `value` is a {CryptoKey}, `false` otherwise.
### `util.types.isDataView(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`DataView`][] instance.
```js
const ab = new ArrayBuffer(20);
util.types.isDataView(new DataView(ab)); // Returns true
util.types.isDataView(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
See also [`ArrayBuffer.isView()`][].
### `util.types.isDate(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Date`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isDate(new Date()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isExternal(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a native `External` value.
A native `External` value is a special type of object that contains a
raw C++ pointer (`void*`) for access from native code, and has no other
properties. Such objects are created either by Node.js internals or native
addons. In JavaScript, they are [frozen][`Object.freeze()`] objects with a
`null` prototype.
```c
#include <js_native_api.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
napi_value result;
static napi_value MyNapi(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info) {
int* raw = (int*) malloc(1024);
napi_status status = napi_create_external(env, (void*) raw, NULL, NULL, &result);
if (status != napi_ok) {
napi_throw_error(env, NULL, "napi_create_external failed");
return NULL;
}
return result;
}
...
DECLARE_NAPI_PROPERTY("myNapi", MyNapi)
...
```
```js
const native = require('napi_addon.node');
const data = native.myNapi();
util.types.isExternal(data); // returns true
util.types.isExternal(0); // returns false
util.types.isExternal(new String('foo')); // returns false
```
For further information on `napi_create_external`, refer to
[`napi_create_external()`][].
### `util.types.isFloat32Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Float32Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isFloat32Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isFloat32Array(new Float32Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isFloat32Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isFloat64Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Float64Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isFloat64Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isFloat64Array(new Uint8Array()); // Returns false
util.types.isFloat64Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isGeneratorFunction(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a generator function.
This only reports back what the JavaScript engine is seeing;
in particular, the return value may not match the original source code if
a transpilation tool was used.
```js
util.types.isGeneratorFunction(function foo() {}); // Returns false
util.types.isGeneratorFunction(function* foo() {}); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isGeneratorObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a generator object as returned from a
built-in generator function.
This only reports back what the JavaScript engine is seeing;
in particular, the return value may not match the original source code if
a transpilation tool was used.
```js
function* foo() {}
const generator = foo();
util.types.isGeneratorObject(generator); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isInt8Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Int8Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isInt8Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isInt8Array(new Int8Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isInt8Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isInt16Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Int16Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isInt16Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isInt16Array(new Int16Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isInt16Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isInt32Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Int32Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isInt32Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isInt32Array(new Int32Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isInt32Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isKeyObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v16.2.0
-->
* `value` {Object}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if `value` is a {KeyObject}, `false` otherwise.
### `util.types.isMap(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Map`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isMap(new Map()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isMapIterator(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is an iterator returned for a built-in
[`Map`][] instance.
```js
const map = new Map();
util.types.isMapIterator(map.keys()); // Returns true
util.types.isMapIterator(map.values()); // Returns true
util.types.isMapIterator(map.entries()); // Returns true
util.types.isMapIterator(map[Symbol.iterator]()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isModuleNamespaceObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is an instance of a [Module Namespace Object][].
```mjs
import * as ns from './a.js';
util.types.isModuleNamespaceObject(ns); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isNativeError(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value was returned by the constructor of a
[built-in `Error` type][].
```js
console.log(util.types.isNativeError(new Error())); // true
console.log(util.types.isNativeError(new TypeError())); // true
console.log(util.types.isNativeError(new RangeError())); // true
```
Subclasses of the native error types are also native errors:
```js
class MyError extends Error {}
console.log(util.types.isNativeError(new MyError())); // true
```
A value being `instanceof` a native error class is not equivalent to `isNativeError()`
returning `true` for that value. `isNativeError()` returns `true` for errors
which come from a different [realm][] while `instanceof Error` returns `false`
for these errors:
```js
const vm = require('node:vm');
const context = vm.createContext({});
const myError = vm.runInContext('new Error()', context);
console.log(util.types.isNativeError(myError)); // true
console.log(myError instanceof Error); // false
```
Conversely, `isNativeError()` returns `false` for all objects which were not
returned by the constructor of a native error. That includes values
which are `instanceof` native errors:
```js
const myError = { __proto__: Error.prototype };
console.log(util.types.isNativeError(myError)); // false
console.log(myError instanceof Error); // true
```
### `util.types.isNumberObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a number object, e.g. created
by `new Number()`.
```js
util.types.isNumberObject(0); // Returns false
util.types.isNumberObject(new Number(0)); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isPromise(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Promise`][].
```js
util.types.isPromise(Promise.resolve(42)); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isProxy(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a [`Proxy`][] instance.
```js
const target = {};
const proxy = new Proxy(target, {});
util.types.isProxy(target); // Returns false
util.types.isProxy(proxy); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isRegExp(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a regular expression object.
```js
util.types.isRegExp(/abc/); // Returns true
util.types.isRegExp(new RegExp('abc')); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isSet(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Set`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isSet(new Set()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isSetIterator(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is an iterator returned for a built-in
[`Set`][] instance.
```js
const set = new Set();
util.types.isSetIterator(set.keys()); // Returns true
util.types.isSetIterator(set.values()); // Returns true
util.types.isSetIterator(set.entries()); // Returns true
util.types.isSetIterator(set[Symbol.iterator]()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isSharedArrayBuffer(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`SharedArrayBuffer`][] instance.
This does _not_ include [`ArrayBuffer`][] instances. Usually, it is
desirable to test for both; See [`util.types.isAnyArrayBuffer()`][] for that.
```js
util.types.isSharedArrayBuffer(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isSharedArrayBuffer(new SharedArrayBuffer()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isStringObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a string object, e.g. created
by `new String()`.
```js
util.types.isStringObject('foo'); // Returns false
util.types.isStringObject(new String('foo')); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isSymbolObject(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a symbol object, created
by calling `Object()` on a `Symbol` primitive.
```js
const symbol = Symbol('foo');
util.types.isSymbolObject(symbol); // Returns false
util.types.isSymbolObject(Object(symbol)); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isTypedArray(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`TypedArray`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isTypedArray(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isTypedArray(new Uint8Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isTypedArray(new Float64Array()); // Returns true
```
See also [`ArrayBuffer.isView()`][].
### `util.types.isUint8Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Uint8Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isUint8Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isUint8Array(new Uint8Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isUint8Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isUint8ClampedArray(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Uint8ClampedArray`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isUint8ClampedArray(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isUint8ClampedArray(new Uint8ClampedArray()); // Returns true
util.types.isUint8ClampedArray(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isUint16Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Uint16Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isUint16Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isUint16Array(new Uint16Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isUint16Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isUint32Array(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`Uint32Array`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isUint32Array(new ArrayBuffer()); // Returns false
util.types.isUint32Array(new Uint32Array()); // Returns true
util.types.isUint32Array(new Float64Array()); // Returns false
```
### `util.types.isWeakMap(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`WeakMap`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isWeakMap(new WeakMap()); // Returns true
```
### `util.types.isWeakSet(value)`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* `value` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the value is a built-in [`WeakSet`][] instance.
```js
util.types.isWeakSet(new WeakSet()); // Returns true
```
## Deprecated APIs
The following APIs are deprecated and should no longer be used. Existing
applications and modules should be updated to find alternative approaches.
### `util._extend(target, source)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.5
deprecated: v6.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Object.assign()`][] instead.
* `target` {Object}
* `source` {Object}
The `util._extend()` method was never intended to be used outside of internal
Node.js modules. The community found and used it anyway.
It is deprecated and should not be used in new code. JavaScript comes with very
similar built-in functionality through [`Object.assign()`][].
### `util.isArray(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Array.isArray()`][] instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Alias for [`Array.isArray()`][].
Returns `true` if the given `object` is an `Array`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isArray([]);
// Returns: true
util.isArray(new Array());
// Returns: true
util.isArray({});
// Returns: false
```
### `util.isBoolean(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `typeof value === 'boolean'` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `Boolean`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isBoolean(1);
// Returns: false
util.isBoolean(0);
// Returns: false
util.isBoolean(false);
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isBuffer(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`Buffer.isBuffer()`][] instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `Buffer`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isBuffer({ length: 0 });
// Returns: false
util.isBuffer([]);
// Returns: false
util.isBuffer(Buffer.from('hello world'));
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isDate(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`util.types.isDate()`][] instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `Date`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isDate(new Date());
// Returns: true
util.isDate(Date());
// false (without 'new' returns a String)
util.isDate({});
// Returns: false
```
### `util.isError(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`util.types.isNativeError()`][] instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is an [`Error`][]. Otherwise, returns
`false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isError(new Error());
// Returns: true
util.isError(new TypeError());
// Returns: true
util.isError({ name: 'Error', message: 'an error occurred' });
// Returns: false
```
This method relies on `Object.prototype.toString()` behavior. It is
possible to obtain an incorrect result when the `object` argument manipulates
`@@toStringTag`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const obj = { name: 'Error', message: 'an error occurred' };
util.isError(obj);
// Returns: false
obj[Symbol.toStringTag] = 'Error';
util.isError(obj);
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isFunction(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `typeof value === 'function'` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `Function`. Otherwise, returns
`false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
function Foo() {}
const Bar = () => {};
util.isFunction({});
// Returns: false
util.isFunction(Foo);
// Returns: true
util.isFunction(Bar);
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isNull(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `value === null` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is strictly `null`. Otherwise, returns
`false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isNull(0);
// Returns: false
util.isNull(undefined);
// Returns: false
util.isNull(null);
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isNullOrUndefined(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use
> `value === undefined || value === null` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is `null` or `undefined`. Otherwise,
returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isNullOrUndefined(0);
// Returns: false
util.isNullOrUndefined(undefined);
// Returns: true
util.isNullOrUndefined(null);
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isNumber(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `typeof value === 'number'` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `Number`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isNumber(false);
// Returns: false
util.isNumber(Infinity);
// Returns: true
util.isNumber(0);
// Returns: true
util.isNumber(NaN);
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isObject(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated:
> Use `value !== null && typeof value === 'object'` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is strictly an `Object` **and** not a
`Function` (even though functions are objects in JavaScript).
Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isObject(5);
// Returns: false
util.isObject(null);
// Returns: false
util.isObject({});
// Returns: true
util.isObject(() => {});
// Returns: false
```
### `util.isPrimitive(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use
> `(typeof value !== 'object' && typeof value !== 'function') || value === null`
> instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a primitive type. Otherwise, returns
`false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isPrimitive(5);
// Returns: true
util.isPrimitive('foo');
// Returns: true
util.isPrimitive(false);
// Returns: true
util.isPrimitive(null);
// Returns: true
util.isPrimitive(undefined);
// Returns: true
util.isPrimitive({});
// Returns: false
util.isPrimitive(() => {});
// Returns: false
util.isPrimitive(/^$/);
// Returns: false
util.isPrimitive(new Date());
// Returns: false
```
### `util.isRegExp(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `RegExp`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isRegExp(/some regexp/);
// Returns: true
util.isRegExp(new RegExp('another regexp'));
// Returns: true
util.isRegExp({});
// Returns: false
```
### `util.isString(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `typeof value === 'string'` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `string`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isString('');
// Returns: true
util.isString('foo');
// Returns: true
util.isString(String('foo'));
// Returns: true
util.isString(5);
// Returns: false
```
### `util.isSymbol(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `typeof value === 'symbol'` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is a `Symbol`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.isSymbol(5);
// Returns: false
util.isSymbol('foo');
// Returns: false
util.isSymbol(Symbol('foo'));
// Returns: true
```
### `util.isUndefined(object)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.5
deprecated: v4.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `value === undefined` instead.
* `object` {any}
* Returns: {boolean}
Returns `true` if the given `object` is `undefined`. Otherwise, returns `false`.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
const foo = undefined;
util.isUndefined(5);
// Returns: false
util.isUndefined(foo);
// Returns: true
util.isUndefined(null);
// Returns: false
```
### `util.log(string)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.0
deprecated: v6.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use a third party module instead.
* `string` {string}
The `util.log()` method prints the given `string` to `stdout` with an included
timestamp.
```js
const util = require('node:util');
util.log('Timestamped message.');
```
[Common System Errors]: errors.md#common-system-errors
[Custom inspection functions on objects]: #custom-inspection-functions-on-objects
[Custom promisified functions]: #custom-promisified-functions
[Customizing `util.inspect` colors]: #customizing-utilinspect-colors
[Internationalization]: intl.md
[Module Namespace Object]: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-module-namespace-exotic-objects
[WHATWG Encoding Standard]: https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/
[`'uncaughtException'`]: process.md#event-uncaughtexception
[`'warning'`]: process.md#event-warning
[`Array.isArray()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/isArray
[`ArrayBuffer.isView()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer/isView
[`ArrayBuffer`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer
[`Buffer.isBuffer()`]: buffer.md#static-method-bufferisbufferobj
[`DataView`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView
[`Date`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date
[`Error`]: errors.md#class-error
[`Float32Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Float32Array
[`Float64Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Float64Array
[`Int16Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int16Array
[`Int32Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int32Array
[`Int8Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int8Array
[`JSON.stringify()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/JSON/stringify
[`MIMEparams`]: #class-utilmimeparams
[`Map`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Map
[`Object.assign()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign
[`Object.freeze()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/freeze
[`Promise`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise
[`Proxy`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy
[`Set`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Set
[`SharedArrayBuffer`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer
[`TypedArray`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray
[`Uint16Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint16Array
[`Uint32Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint32Array
[`Uint8Array`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array
[`Uint8ClampedArray`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8ClampedArray
[`WeakMap`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakMap
[`WeakSet`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakSet
[`assert.deepStrictEqual()`]: assert.md#assertdeepstrictequalactual-expected-message
[`console.error()`]: console.md#consoleerrordata-args
[`mime.toString()`]: #mimetostring
[`mimeParams.entries()`]: #mimeparamsentries
[`napi_create_external()`]: n-api.md#napi_create_external
[`target` and `handler`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy#Terminology
[`tty.hasColors()`]: tty.md#writestreamhascolorscount-env
[`util.format()`]: #utilformatformat-args
[`util.inspect()`]: #utilinspectobject-options
[`util.promisify()`]: #utilpromisifyoriginal
[`util.types.isAnyArrayBuffer()`]: #utiltypesisanyarraybuffervalue
[`util.types.isArrayBuffer()`]: #utiltypesisarraybuffervalue
[`util.types.isDate()`]: #utiltypesisdatevalue
[`util.types.isNativeError()`]: #utiltypesisnativeerrorvalue
[`util.types.isSharedArrayBuffer()`]: #utiltypesissharedarraybuffervalue
[async function]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/async_function
[built-in `Error` type]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-error-objects
[compare function]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/sort#Parameters
[constructor]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/constructor
[default sort]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/sort
[global symbol registry]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Symbol/for
[list of deprecated APIS]: deprecations.md#list-of-deprecated-apis
[modifiers]: #modifiers
[realm]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#realm
[semantically incompatible]: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/4179
[util.inspect.custom]: #utilinspectcustom